Bibliography

The Bottom Line for Baby

Tina Payne Bryson, Ph.D. 

Alcohol and Breastfeeding

AAP. (2012). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129 (3), https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827. Accessed August 2019.

CDC. (Last reviewed 2018). Alcohol.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/alcohol.html. Accessed 2019.  

Gibson, L. and Porter, M. (2018). Drinking or smoking while breastfeeding and later cognition in children.  Pediatrics, 142 (2), https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/2/e20174266. Accessed August 2019.

Haastrup, M. B. et al. (2014). Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 114 (2), 168-73.  This article reviews all evidence available up until the time of its writing, and I highly recommend it.  

Kesaniemi, Y. A.  (1974). Ethanol and acetaldehyde in the milk and peripheral blood of lactating women after ethanol administration. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth, 81, 84– 6.

Koren, G. (2002). Drinking alcohol while breastfeeding. Will it harm my baby? Canadian Family Physician, 48, 39–41.

Lawton, M. E. (1985). Alcohol in breast milk. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25, 71– 3.

Mennella, J. A. (1998). Effects of exposure to alcohol in mother's milk on infant sleep.  Pediatrics, 101 (5), E2.

---. (1998). Short‐term effects of maternal alcohol consumption on lactational performance. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1389– 92.

---. and Garcia-Gomez, P. L. (2001). Sleep disturbances after acute exposure toalcohol in mothers' milk. Alcohol, 25 (3), 153-8.

---. et al. (2005). Acute alcohol consumption disrupts the hormonal milieu of lactating women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 1979– 85.

Tay, R. Y. et al. (2017). Alcohol consumption by breastfeeding mothers: Frequency, correlates and infant outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36, 667-76.

Antibiotics

AAP. Antibiotic Prescriptions for Children: 10 Common Questions Answered. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/medication-safety/Pages/Antibiotic-Prescriptions-for-Children.aspx. Accessed August 2019.

Bhardwaj A. K. et al. (2013). Bacterial quorum sensing inhibitors: attractive alternatives for control of infectious pathogens showing multiple drug resistance. Recent Patents on Antiinfectant Drug Discovery, 8(1), 68-83.

Chai, G. et al. (2012). Trends of outpatient prescription drug utilization in US children, 2002–2010. Pediatrics, 130, 23–31.

Fleming-Dutra K. E. et al. (2016). Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010-2011. JAMA, 315(17), 1864-73.

Hersh A. L. et al. (2011). Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics,128(6), 1053-61.

Korpela, K. et al. (2016). Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children.  Nature Communications, vol. 7, article no. 10410.

Kronman M. P. et al. (2014). Bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial prescribing trends for acute respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics, 134 (4), e956-65.

Ledger W. J. and Blaser M. J. (2013). Are we using too many antibiotics during pregnancy? BJOG, 120 (12), 1450-2.

Nobel, Y. et al. (2015). Metabolic and metagenomic outcomes from early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment. Nature Communications, 6, 7486.

Penders, J. et al. (2011). Infant antibiotic use and wheeze and asthma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 38, 295–302.

Saari, A. et al. (2015). Antibiotic exposure in infancy and risk of being overweight in the first 24 months of life. Pediatrics, 135, 617–626.

Stark C. M. et al. (2019). Antibiotic and acid-suppression medications during early childhood are associated with obesity. Gut, 68:62-69.

Sturkenboom, M. C. et al. (2008). Drug use in children: cohort study in three European countries. BMJ, 337, a2245.

Venekamp R. P. (2013). Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, (1), CD000219.

Virta, L. et al. (2012). Association of repeated exposure to antibiotics with the development 

of pediatric Crohn's disease: A nationwide, register-based Finnish Case-Control Study. American Journal of Epidemiology., 175, 775–784.

World Health Organization. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112647/WHO_HSE_PED_AIP_2014.2_eng.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

Baby-led Weaning When Introducing Solids

Brown, A. et al. (2017). Baby-led weaning: The evidence to date. Current Nutrition Reports,6, (2), 148–156.  For a thorough examination of current studies on this subject, begin with this paper.  

Cameron, S. L. et al. (2015). Development and pilot testing of Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS--a version of baby-led weaning modified to address concerns about iron deficiency, growth faltering and choking. BMC Pediatrics, 15, 99. 

D'Auria, E. et al. (2018). Baby-led weaning: what a systematic review of the literature adds on. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44, (1), 49. 

Daniels, L. et al. (2015). Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study: A randomised controlled trial of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding. BMC Pediatrics, 15, 179.

Dogan, E. et al. (2018). Baby-led complementary feeding: Randomized controlled study. ediatrics  International, 60, (12), 1073-1080.

Fangupo, L. J. et al. (2016). A baby-led approach to eating solids and risk of choking. Pediatrics, 138, (4).

Morison, B. J. et al. (2016). How different are baby-led weaning and conventional complementary feeding? A cross-sectional study of infants aged 6-8 months. BMJ Open, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/5/e010665?int_source=trendmd&int_medium=trendmd&int_campaign=trendmd. Accessed August, 2019.

Taylor, R. W. et al. (2017). Effect of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding on infant growth and overweight: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 171, (9), 838-846.

Babywearing

Ainsworth, M. D. et al., Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978), 116–136.

Anisfeld, E. et al. (1990). Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Development, 61 (5), 1617-27.

Bigelow, A. et al. (2012). Effect of mother/infant skin-to-skin contact on postpartum depressive symptoms and maternal physiological stress. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 41 (3), 369-82.

Bowlby, J.  Attachment and loss. in Attachment, vol. 1, (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1969).

Brauer, J. et al. (2016). Frequency of maternal touch predicts resting activity and connectivity of the developing social brain. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. 26 (8), 3544–3552. 

Charpak,  N. et al. (2017). Twenty-year follow-up of kangaroo mother care versus traditional care. Pediatrics, 139 (1).

Conde-Agudelo, A. and Díaz-Rossello, J. L. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 8 (8).

Diego, M. A. et al. (2007). Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain. Acta Paediatrica, 96 (11), 1588-91.

Esposito, G. et al. (2013). Infant calming responses during maternal carrying in humans and mice. Current Biology, 23 (9), 739-45.

Field, T. et al. (2010). Preterm infant massage therapy research: A review. Infant Behavior & Development, 33, (2), 115–124.

Hong, Y. R.n and Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 55 (12), 449–454. 

Hunziker, U. A. and Garr, R. G. (1986). Increased carrying reduces infant crying: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 77, 641-648.

Jung, W. J. et al. (2012). The efficacy of the upright position on gastro-esophageal reflux and reflux-related respiratory symptoms in infants with chronic respiratory symptoms. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 4 (1), 17–23.

Neu, M. and Robinson, J. (2010). Maternal holding of preterm infants during the early weeks after birth and dyad interaction at six months. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 39, 401-414.

Pelaez-Nogueras M. et al. (1996). Depressed mothers’ touching increases infants’ positive affect and attention in still-face interactions. Child Development, 67, 1780-92.

Pisacane, A. et al. (2012). Use of baby carriers to increase breastfeeding duration among term infants: the effects of an educational intervention in Italy. Acta Paediatrica, 101 (10), e434-8.

Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: a prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 349–367.

USCPSC.  United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. (2018). New federal standard to improve safety of infant slings takes effect.  https://www.cpsc.gov/content/new-federal-standard-to-improve-safety-of-infant-slings-takes-effect. Accessed August, 2019.

van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: a meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403.

Warren, S. L. et al. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment.  Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637–644.

Baby Powder

AAP.  (2019). Make baby’s room safe: Parent checklist.  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Make-Babys-Room-Safe.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

American Cancer Society. (2018). Talcum powder and cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/talcum-powder-and-cancer.html. Accessed August 2019. 

Matina F et al. (2011). Inhaled surfactant in the treatment of accidental talc powder inhalation: a new case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37:47. Published 2011 Sep 27. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-37-47

Murkoff, H. et al. (2019). Should you use talcum powder on your baby? https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/talcum-powder-for-babies. Accessed August 2019. 

Pairaudeau P.W. et al. (1991). Inhalation of baby powder-a hazard. BMJ. 302:1200–1201. 

Patarino F. et al. (2010). Acute respiratory failure in a child after talc inhalation. Respiration. 79(4):340.

Sparks, D. (2016). Talking about talcum powder.  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/talking-about-talcum-powder/.  Accessed August 2019. 

Bathing

Jana, L. A. et al., “Baby Bath Basics,” in Heading Home With Your Newborn: From Birth to Reality. (Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015).

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2016). “Baby bath basics: A parent’s guide.” Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/healthy-baby/art-20044438. Accessed August, 2019.

Navsaria, D. (2019). Bathing your baby. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/bathing-skin-care/Pages/Bathing-Your-Newborn.aspx.  Accessed August, 2019. 

Ness, M. J. et al. (2013). Neonatal skin care: A concise review. International Journal of Dermatology, 52:14.

Bilingualism

Bialystok, E. (2007). Acquisition of literacy in bilingual children: A framework for research.  Language Learning.  57 (1), 159-199.

---. (2011). Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65 (4), 229-235.

---, et al. (2012). Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 16, 240–250.

Bosch, L. and Sebastián-Gallés, N. “Early language differentiation in bilingual infants.” In J. Cenoz & F. Genesee, (Eds.), Trends in Bilingual Acquisition (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001), 71–93. 

Byers-Heinlein, K. et al. (2017).  Bilingual infants control their languages as they listen.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (34), 9032-9037.

Comishen, K. J. et al. (2019). The impact of bilingual environments on selective attention in infancy. Developmental Science, 22 (4), http://babylab.cvr.yorku.ca/files/2019/02/Bilingual-paper.pdf. Accessed August, 2019.

Fergus, I. M. et al. (2010). Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve.  Neurology, 75 (19), 1726-1729.

Genesee, F. (1989) Early bilingual development: one language or two? Journal of Child Language, 16, 161–179.

Holowka, S. et al. (2002) Semantic and conceptual knowledge underlying bilingual babies’ first signs and words. Language Learning, 52, 205–262.

Meisel, J. M. “The simultaneous acquisition of two first languages: early differentiation and subsequent development of grammars.” In J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Trends in Bilingual Acquisition, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001), 11–41.

Paradis, J. (2007). Bilingual children with specific language impairment: theoretical and applied issues. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28, 551–564.

Pearson, B. Z. et al. (1993). Lexical development in bilingual infants and toddlers: comparison to monolingual norms. Language Learning, 43, 93–120.

Werker, J.F. and Byers-Heinlein, K. (2008). Bilingualism in infancy: First steps in perception and comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 144–151.

Bottles and BPA

AAP. (2012). Baby bottles and bisphenol A (BPA). American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/Pages/Baby-Bottles-And-Bisphenol-A-BPA.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2018).  American Academy of Pediatrics says some common food additives may pose health risks to children. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Says-Some-Common-Food-Additives-May-Pose-Health-Risks-to-Children.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

Baby Center Staff. (2018). What's the concern about BPA in formula cans and plastic baby bottles? Babycenter, https://www.babycenter.com/0_are-plastic-baby-bottles-safe_14387.bc.  Accessed August 2019. 

CDC. (2017). Bisphenol A (BPA) factsheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/BisphenolA_FactSheet.html. Accessed August 2019. 

ECHA. (2017).  MSC unanimously agrees that Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor. European Chemicals Agency, https://echa.europa.eu/-/msc-unanimously-agrees-that-bisphenol-a-is-an-endocrine-disruptor.  Accessed August 2019. 

EPA. (Last updated 2017). Risk management for bisphenol A (BPA). Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-bisphenol-bpa. Accessed August 2019. 

EFSA. (2015).  No consumer health risk from bisphenol A exposure. European Food Safety Authority, http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/150121.  Accessed August 2019. 

FDA. (2018). Questions & answers on bisphenol A (BPA) use in food contact applications. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm355155.htm. Accessed August 2019. 

Gore, A. C. et al. (2015). Executive Summary to EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews, 36 (6), 593–602.

NIH. (2019).  Bisphenol A (BPA). National Institutes of Health, https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa/index.cfm.  Accessed August 2019. 

Teeguarden, J. G. et al. (2011). Twenty-four hour human urine and serum profiles of bisphenol a during high-dietary exposure. Toxicological Sciences, 123 (1), 48–57.

Trasande, L. et al. (2018). Council on Environmental Health. Food Additives and Child Health. Pediatrics, 142 (2), e20181408. 

Wage, A. (2011). Small pond, same issues.  https://web.archive.org/web/20110910101158/http://blogs.food.gov.uk/science/entry/small_pond_same_big_issues.  Accessed August 2019.  Wage is discussing the study found in the following note.

Breastfeeding vs. Formula-Feeding

AAP.  Breastfeeding and the use of human milk.  American Academy of Pediatrics, http://aappolicy.aappublications.org. Accessed August 2019.

Bartick, M. C. and Reinhold, A. (2010). The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: A pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics, 125, e1048–e1056.

---. et al. (2013). Cost analysis of maternal disease associated with suboptimal breastfeeding. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122, 111–119.

---, et al. (2016). Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13, e12366.

Dewey, K. G. (2001). Nutrition, growth, and complementary feeding of the breastfed infant. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, (1), 87-104.

Flaherman, V. J. et al. (2018). The effect of early limited formula on breastfeeding, readmission, and intestinal microbiota: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 196, 84-90.

Gouveri, E. et al. (2011). Breastfeeding and diabetes. Current Diabetes Reviews, (2), 135-42.

Perrin, M. T. et al. (2013).  The nutritive and immunoprotective quality of human milk beyond 1 year postpartum: Are lactation-duration-based donor exclusions justified?  The Journal of Human Lactation, 29, (3), 341-9. 

--- et al. (2017). A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: Implications for human milk banking. Maternal & Childhood Nutrition, 13, (1).

Smithers, LG et al. Effects of Breastfeeding on Obesity and Intelligence: Causal Insights From Different Study Designs. JAMA Pediatr. Aug;169(8):707-8.

UNICEF. (2018). Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) data. UNICEF, https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/infant-young-child-feeding/. Accessed August 2019.

WHO. (2019). Infant and young child feeding. World Health Organization,  https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding. Accessed August 2019.

Bug Spray

AAP. (Last updated July 2018). Choosing an Insect Repellent for Your Child.  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Insect-Repellents.aspx.  Accessed August 2019. 

Bell, J. W. et al. (2002). Human exposures to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide insect repellents reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers 1993-1997.  International  Journal of Toxicology, 21, 341-52.

CDC. (1989). Epidemiologic notes and reported seizures temporally associated with use of DEET insect repellent - New York and Connecticut. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 38, 678-80. 

---. (2019) Environmental Hazards & Other Noninfectious Health Risks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/noninfectious-health-risks/injury-and-trauma. Accessed August 2019. 

EPA. (Last updated June 2017). Deet. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet.  Accessed August 2019. 

Goodyer, L. I. et al. (2010). Expert review of the evidence base for arthropod bite avoidance. Journal of Travel Medicine, 17, (3), 182–92. 

Gryboski, J. et al. (1961). Toxic encephalopathy apparently related to the use of an insect repellent. New England Journal of Medicine, 264, 289-91.

HHS. (2017). Toxicological profile for DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp185.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

Interlandi, J. (2019). How safe is deet? Consumer Reports.  https://www.consumerreports.org/insect-repellent/how-safe-is-deet-insect-repellent-safety/.  Accessed August 2019.  This article presents an excellent summary of what we know about deet and is a good place to start to get a sense of the latest information.

Koren, G. et al. (2003). DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 169, (3), 209–212. [Published correction appears in CMAJ, 2003 Aug 19;169, (4), 283].   

Lipscomb, J. W. et al. (1992). Seizure following brief exposure to the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Annals of  Emergency Medicine, 21, 315-7. 

Strickman, D. et al. (2009). Prevention of bug bites, stings, and disease. Florida Entomologist, 92, (4), 677–8.

Car Seats

Hoffman, B. D. et al. (2016). Unsafe from the start: Serious misuse of car safety seats at newborn discharge. The Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 48 – 54. 

Mayo Clinic Staff.  (2019).  Car seat safety: Avoid 9 common mistakes.  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/car-seat-safety/art-20043939. Accessed August 2019. 

NHTSA. (2017). Find the right seat. National Highway Traffic Safety Association,  https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/right-seat. Accessed August 2019. 

Safe Kids Worldwide. (2019). Ultimate car seat guide.  https://www.safekids.org/ultimate-car-seat-guide/.Accessed August 2019. 

Circumcision

AAP. (2012). Male circumcision. Pediatrics, 130, (3), e756-85, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22926175.  Accessed August 2019.  

Bossio, J. et al.  “A Review of the Current State of the Male Circumcision Literature.” The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2014 11.12.  2847–2864.

Boyle, G. (2015). Does Male Circumcision Adversely Affect Sexual Sensation, Function, or Satisfaction? Critical Comment on Morris and Krieger.  Advances in Sexual Medicine, 5, 7-12.

Brady-Fryer, B. et al. (2004). Pain relief for neonatal circumcision. Cochrane Database Systemic Reviews. (4), CD004217.

CDC.  (2018). Male circumcision. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/male-circumcision.html.  Accessed August 2019.

CPS.  (2015, 2018).  Newborn male circumcision. https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision.  Accessed August 2019. 

Darby RJL.  (2013).  The child's right to an open future: is the principle applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision? Journal of Medical Ethics 39:463-468.

Dave, S. et al. (2018). Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (full version). Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada, 12(2), E76–E99. 

Dekker, R. and Bertone, A.  (2019).  Evidence and ethics on:  circumcision.  https://evidencebasedbirth.com/evidence-and-ethics-on-circumcision/.  Accessed October 2019.  See this summary for a helpful and broad-ranging overview of the evidence and arguments on this topic.

Earp, B. D. (2016), Infant circumcision and adult penile sensitivity: implications for sexual experience. Trends Urology & Men Health, 7: 17-21.

---, Brian & Shaw, David. (2017). Cultural bias in American medicine: the case of infant male circumcision. Journal of Pediatric Ethics. 1. 8-26. 

Ellison, J. S. et al. (2018). Neonatal circumcision and urinary tract infections in infants with hydronephrosis. Pediatrics, 142, (1), 1–7. 

Frisch, M.  (2015).  Time for U.S. parents to reconsider the acceptability of infant male circumcision.  https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-for-us-parents-to-reconsider-the-acceptability-of-infant-male-circumcision_b_7031972.  Accessed August 2019.

Joudi, M. et al. (2011). Incidence of asymptomatic meatal stenosis in children following neonatal circumcision. J Pediatr Urol;7(5):526-8.

Larke, N. L. et al. (2011). Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes & Control, 22, (8), 1097–1110. 

Morris, B.J. et al. (2011). The strong protective effect of circumcision against cancer of the penis. Advanced Urolology. article 812368.

Morris, B.J. and Wiswell, TE. (2013).  Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Urology. 189:2118-2124.

Morris, B.J. et al. (2016). Critical evaluation of unscientific arguments disparaging affirmative infant male circumcision policy. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 5, (3), 251-61. 

Morris, B.J. et al. (2016). “Critical evaluation of unscientific arguments disparaging affirmative infant male circumcision policy.”  World Journal Of Clinical Pediatrics. Vol. 5 (3), pp. 251-61. 

Morris, B. J. et al. (2017). Early infant male circumcision: Systematic review, risk-benefit analysis, and progress in policy. World journal of clinical pediatrics, 6(1), 89–102. 

Morten Frisch & Brian D. Earp (2018) Circumcision of male infants and children as a public health measure in developed countries: A critical assessment of recent evidence, Global Public Health, 13:5, 626-641.

Tobian AAR et al.  (2014).  Male circumcision: a globally relevant but under-utilized method for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Ann Rev Med. 2014;65:293-306.

WHO.  (2010).  Neonatal and child male circumcision:  A global review.  https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/neonatal_child_MC_UNAIDS.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

Co-sleeping

Baddock, S. A. et al. (2006). Differences in infant and parent behaviors during routine bed sharing compared with cot sleeping in the home setting. Pediatrics, 117, (5), 1599–1607. 

Ball, H. L. and Volpe, L. E. (2013). Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) risk reduction and infant sleep location—moving the discussion forward. Social Science and Medicine, 79, 84–91. 

--- and Russell, C. K. (2014). SIDS and infant sleep ecology. Evolution, Medicine & Public Health, 2014, (1), 146.

CDC. (2018). Health effects of secondhand smoke. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/index.htm.  Accessed August 2019. 

---.  (2018). Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. https://www.cdc.gov/sids/about/index.htm.  Accessed August 2019. 

DiFranza J.R. et al.  (2004). Prenatal and Postnatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Children's Health.  113(4): 1007-15.

Doering, J. J. (2013). The physical and social environment of sleep in socioeconomically disadvantaged postpartum women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological, and Neonatal Nursing, 42, (1), E33–E43. 

Doucleff, M. (2018).  Is sleeping with your baby as dangerous as doctors say? NPR, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/21/601289695/is-sleeping-with-your-baby-as-dangerous-as-doctors-say.  Accessed August 2019. 

Gettler, L. T. and McKenna, J. J. (2010). ‘‘Never sleep with baby?’’ or ‘‘Keep me close but keep me safe’’: Eliminating inappropriate safe infant sleep rhetoric in the United States. Current Pediatric Reviews, 6, (1), 1–6. 

McKenna J.J., et al. (1993). Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleep, 16(3):263e82.

McKenna J.J., et al. (2007.) Mother-infant cosleeping, breastfeeding and sudden infant death syndrome: what biological anthropology has discovered about normal infant sleep and pediatric sleep medicine. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133e61.Mohr, C. et al. (2019). Patterns of infant regulatory behaviors in relation to maternal mood and soothing strategies. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, (4), 566-579.

Moon, R. Y. (2016). SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Evidence base for 2016 updated recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics, 138(5).

Mosko, S. et al. (1997). Infant arousals during mother-infant bedsharing: implications for infant sleep and sudden infant death syndrome research. Pediatrics, 100, (5), 841-9.

Oster, E. (2019). Cribsheet.  (New York: Penguin Press).  

Shimizu, M. and Teti, D. M. (2018). Infant sleeping arrangements, social criticism, and maternal distress in the first year. Infant and Child Development, 27, (3), e2080 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2080. Accessed August 2019.

Spano, Cristina. Report for NPR.  https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/21/601289695/is-sleeping-with-your-baby-as-dangerous-as-doctors-say.  Accessed August 2019. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary 

Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General external icon. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006.  Accessed August 2019. 

---. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.  Accessed August 2019. 

Daycare or Nanny?

Barnett, W. S. et al. (2010). “The State of Preschool, 2010.” In The State of Preschool Yearbooks, The National Institute for Early  Education Research, http://nieer.org/state-preschool-yearbooks/the-state-of-preschool-2010. Accessed August 2019.

Bassok, D. et al. (2016). Within- and between-sector duality differences in early childhood education and care. Child Development,  87, (5), 1627-1645.

Bernal, R. and Keane, M. P. (2011). Child care choices and children’s cognitive achievement: The case of single mothers. Journal of Labor Economics, 29, (3), 459–512. 

Burchinal, M. et al. (2002). Structural predictors of child care quality in child care homes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, (1), 87–105. 

Campbell, F. A. et al. (2002). Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the Abecedarian Project. Applied Developmental Science, 6, 42–57. 

Garces, E. et al. (2002). Longer-term effects of Head Start. The American Economic Review, 92, (4), 999–1012.

Gomajee, R. et al. (2018). Early childcare type predicts children’s emotional and behavioural trajectories into middle childhood.  Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72, 1033-1043.

Loeb, S. et al. (2007). How much Is too much? The influence of preschool centers on children’s social and cognitive development. Economics of Education Review, 26, (1), 52–66. 

Magnuson, K. A. et al. (2007). Does prekindergarten improve school preparation and performance? Economics of Education Review, 26, (1), 33–51. 

NICHD. (2006). NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/documents/seccyd_06.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

Oster, E. (2019). Cribsheet. (New York: Penguin Press). 

Shonkoff, J. P. and Phillips, D. A., Eds. (2000). From Neurons to Neighborhoods : The Science of Early Childhood Development. (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press).

Wrigley, J. and Dreby, J. (2005). Fatalities and the organization of child care in the United States, 1985-2003. American Sociological Review, 70, (5), 729–757.

Daycare or Stay at home?

Belsky, J. (1999). Quantity of nonmaternal care and boys’ problem behavior/adjustment at 3 and 5: Exploring the mediating role of parenting. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 62, 1–21. 

Bettinger E. et al. (2014). Home with Mom: The effects of stay-at-home parents on children’s long-run educational outcomes. Journal of Labor Economics. 32, (3), 443-467.

Bianchi, S. M. et al, Eds. (2006). Changing Rhythms of American Family Life. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation).

Brooks-Gunn, J. et al. (2001). Effects of combining public assistance and employment on mothers and their young children. Women and Health, 32, 179–210.

Chandola, T. et al. (2019). Are flexible work arrangements associated with lower levels of chronic stress-related biomarkers? A study of 6025 employees in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Sociology, 53, (4), 779–799.

Chase-Lansdale, P. L. and Owen, M. T. (1987). Maternal employment in a family context: Effects of infant–mother and infant–father attachments. Child Development, 58, 1505–1512.

Dmitrieva, J. et al. (2007). Child-care history, classroom composition, and children’s functioning in kindergarten. Psychological Science, 18, 1032–1039. 

Dunifon, R. et al (2013). The effect of maternal employment on children's academic performance. NBER Working Paper No. w19364, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2315448. Accessed August 2019.

Ettinger, A. K. et al. (2018). Increasing maternal employment influences child overweight/obesity among ethnically diverse families. Journal of Family Issues, 39.

Goldberg, W. A. et al. (2008). Maternal employment and children’s achievement in context: A meta-analysis of four decades of research. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 77– 108.

--- and Loth, L.R.  Maternal and Paternal Employment, Effects of.  In Benson, J.B. (ed) Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development.  Advance copy.

Harrison, L. J. and Ungerer, J. A. (2002). Maternal employment and infant–mother attachment security at 12 months postpartum. Developmental Psychology, 38, 758–773.

Harvey, E. (1999). Short-term and long-term effects of early parental employment on children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Developmental Psychology, 35, 445– 459.

Hawkins, S. S. et al. (2008). Maternal employment and early childhood over-weight: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 30–38.  

Huston, A. C. et al. (2015). Time spent in child care: How and why does it affect social development? Developmental Psychology, 51, (5), 621-34.

Jeynes, W. H. (2003). A meta-analysis: The effects of parental involvement on minority children’s academic achievement. Education and Urban Society, 35, (2), 202–218.

Jaeger, E. and Weinraub, M. (1990). “Early nonmaternal care and infant attachment: In search of process.” In K. McCartney (Ed.), New Directions in Child Development: Vol. 49. Child Care and Maternal Employment: A Social Ecology Approach (San Francisco: Jossey/Bass) 71–90.

Loeb, S. et al. (2007). How much is too much? The influence of preschool centers on children’s social and cognitive development. Economics of Education Review, 26, 52–66.

Lucas-Thompson, R. G. et al. (2010). Maternal work early in the lives of children and its distal associations with achievement and behavior problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, (6), 915-42.  This article represents the place to start if you want a wide-ranging meta-analysis of the research available up until 2010.  I have relied on it greatly for my summary.

Magnuson, K. A. et al. (2004). Inequality in preschool education and school readiness. American Educational Research Journal, 41, 115–157. 

McGinn, K. L. et al. (2019). Learning from Mum: Cross-national evidence linking maternal employment and adult children’s outcomes. Work, Employment and Society, 33, (3), 374–400.

---. (2019). Learning from Mum: Cross-national evidence linking maternal employment and adult children’s outcomes. Work, Employment and Society, 33(3), 374–400.  This study is worth mentioning even though it falls outside of the focus here since its primary focus is on how children of working mothers turn out as adults.  The authors find, for example, that “adult daughters, but not sons, of employed mothers are more likely to be employed and, if employed, are more likely to hold supervisory responsibility, work more hours and earn higher incomes than their peers whose mothers were not employed. In the domestic sphere, sons raised by employed mothers spend more time caring for family members and daughters spend less time on housework.”

Mendes, E. et al. (2012). Stay-at-home moms report more depression, sadness, anger. 

Gallup, https://news.gallup.com/poll/154685/stay-home-moms-report-depression-sadness-anger.aspx.  Accessed August 2019.  

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). Familial factors associated with the characteristics of nonmaternal care for infants. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 389–408. 

---. (2000). The relation of child care to cognitive and language development. Child Development. 71, (4), 960-80.

Oster, E. (2019). Cribsheet.  (New York: Penguin Press).  

Peisner-Feinberg, E. S. et al. (2001). The relation of preschool child-care quality to children’s cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72,1534 – 1553. 

Ruhm, C. J. (2004). Parental employment and child cognitive development. Journal of Human Resources, 39, 155–192.

Thompson, R. A. (2008). “Early attachment and later development: Familiar questions, new answers.” In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (New York: Guilford Press), 348–365.

Vander Ven, T. M. et al. (2001). Home alone: The impact of maternal employment on delinquency. Social Problems, 48, 236–257. 

Vandell, D. L. and Ramanan, J. (1992). Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from low-income families. Child Development, 63, 938–949. 

Waldfogel, J. et al. (2002). The effects of early maternal employment on child cognitive development. Demography, 39, 369–392. 

Diapers:  Disposable vs. Cloth

Alberta, L. et al. (2005). Diaper dye dermatitis. Pediatrics, 116, (3), e450-2.

Allergy News. (2011). Dyes in diapers can cause skin rash. Pediatrics,  http://www.health.am/allergies/more/dyes_in_diapers_can_cause_skin_rash/. Accessed August 2019.

Schwarcz, J. (2017).  Diapers: Cloth or disposable. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/science-science-everywhere/diapers-cloth-or-disposable.  Accessed August 2019. 

Diet and Breastfeeding 

American Academy of Pediatrics, Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians, (Elk Grove Village: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006).

Berlin, C. M. and Daniel, C. H. (1981). Excretion of theobromine in human milk and saliva. Pediatric Research, 15, 492.

--- et al. (1984). Disposition of dietary caffeine in milk, saliva, and plasma of lactating women. Pediatrics, 73, 59–63.

Brill, H. (2008). Approach to milk protein allergy in infants. Canadian Family Physician, 54, (9), 1258–1264.

CDC. (2018). Maternal diet: Diet considerations for breastfeeding mothers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/diet-and-micronutrients/maternal-diet.html. Accessed August 2019.  

Daelemans, S. et al. (2018). Recent advances in understanding and managing infantile colic. F1000 Research, 7, 1426.

FDA. (2019). Advice about eating fish: For women who are or might become pregnant, breastfeeding mothers, and young children. U. S. Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/advice-about-eating-fish#note1. Accessed August 2019.

Godon, M. et al. (2018). Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2. Accessed August 2019.

Greer, F. R. et al. (2008). Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: The role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics, 121, (1), 183-91.

Haastrup, M. B. et al. (2014). Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 114, (2), 168-73.  This article reviews all evidence available up until the time of its writing.

Hall, B. et al. (2012). Infantile colic: a systematic review of medical and conventional therapies.  Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 48, (2), 128–37. 

Harb, T. et al. (2016). Infant colic-what works: A systematic review of interventions for breast-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 62, (5), 668–86. 

Iacovou, M. et al. (2012). Dietary management of infantile colic: a systematic review. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16, (6), 1319–31. 

Jeong, G. et al. (2017). Maternal food restrictions during breastfeeding. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 60, (3), 70-76.  This article offers an excellent summary of research on this question, along with suggestions based on the science.

Lawrence, R. A, and Lawrence, R. M. (2011). Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier.

Lien, T. Y. and Goldman, R. D. (2011). Breastfeeding and maternal diet in atopic dermatitis. Canadian Family Physician, 57, (12), 1403–1405.

Lucassen, P. (2010). Colic in infants. BMJ Clinical Evidence, pii: 0309. Mohrbacher, N. and Stock, J. (2003). The Breastfeeding Answer Book. Schaumburg (IL): La Leche League International.

NRDC.  (2016).  Mercury guide.  https://www.nrdc.org/stories/mercury-guide.  Accessed August 2019.

Rowicka, G. et al. (2017). Diet and nutritional status of children with cow's milk protein allergy, treated with a milk-free diet. International Journal of  Allergy Medications, 3, 025.

Discipline 

Affrunti, N. W. (2014). Temperament, peer victimization, and nurturing parenting in child anxiety: a moderated mediation model. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 483–92.

Arsenio, W. and Ramos-Marcuse, F. (2014). Children's moral emotions, narratives, and aggression: relations with maternal discipline and support. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 175, (5-6), 528-46.

Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, (1), 43-88. 

Bednar, D. E. and Fisher, T.D. (2003). Peer referencing in adolescent decision making as a function of perceived parenting style. Journal of Adolescence, 38, (152), 607-21.

Benchaya, M. C. et al. (2011). Non-authoritative parents and impact on drug use: the perception of adolescent children. Journal of Pediatrics, 87, (3), 238-44.

Bush, K. R. and Peterson, G. W. (2007). “Family influences on child development.” In T. P. Gullotta & G. M. Ramos (Eds.). Handbook of Childhood Behavioural Issues: Evidence-based Approaches to Prevention and Treatment (New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis), 43-68.

Casement, M. D. et al. (2014). Girls’ challenging social experiences in early adolescence predict neural response to rewards and depressive symptoms. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 18–27. 

Chao, R. (2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72, 1832-1843.

Choe, D. E. et al. (2013). The interplay of externalizing problems and physical and inductive discipline during childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, (11), 2029-39.

Dekovic, M. and Janssens, J. M. (1992). Parents' child: Rearing style and child's sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 28, (5), 925-932.

Dewar, G. (2017).  Authoritarian parenting:  What happens to the kids? Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/authoritarian-parenting.html. Accessed August 2019.  As usual, Gwen Dewar’s “Parenting Science” website is very helpful in addressing this situation.  

Dornbusch, S. M. et al. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58, (5), 1244-57.

Guyer, A. E. et al. (2014).  Lasting associations between early-childhood temperament and late-adolescent reward-circuitry response to peer feedback. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 229–243.

Knafo, A. and Plomin, R. (2008). Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood: genetic and environmental influences on stability and change. Developmental Psychology, 42, (5), 771-86.

Leung, P. W. and Kwon, K. S. (1998). Parenting styles, motivational orientations, and self-perceived academic competence: A mediational model. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, (1), 1-19.

Luyckx, K. et al. (2011). Parenting and trajectories of children's maladaptive behaviors: a 12-year prospective community study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, (3), 468-78.

Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017.

Novak, H.B.  (2019).  Personal correspondence.

Pellerin, L. A. (2005). Applying Baumrind’s parenting typology to high schools: Toward a middle-range theory of authoritative socialization. Social Science Research, 34, 283-303.

Piotrowski, J. T. et al. (2013). Investigating correlates of self-regulation in early childhood with a representative sample of English-speaking american families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, (3), 423-436.

Rani, B. S. (2014). Impact of parenting styles on career choices of adolescents.  Journal of Education & Social Policy, 1, (1), 19-22.

Santrock, J. W. (2005). Life Span Development. (New York: McGraw Hill).

Siegel, D. J. and Bryson, T. P. (2011). The Whole-Brain Child: 12 Revolutionary Strategies to Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind. (New York: Random House).

---. (2014). No-Drama Discipline: The Whole-Brain Way to Calm the Chaos and Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind. (New York: Bantam).

---. (2018). The Yes Brain: How to Cultivate Courage, Curiosity, and Resilience in Your Child.  (New York: Bantam).

---. (2020).  The Power of Showing Up: How Parental Presence Shapes Who Our Kids Become and How Their Brains Get Wired. (New York: Bantam). 

Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practices, parenting styles and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17, (2), 125-146.

Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: adolescent-parent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1–19.

--- and Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110. 

Tan, P. Z. et al. (2014). Associations between maternal negative affect and adolescent’s neural response to peer evaluation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 28–39.

Taylor, S. E. et al. (2006), Neural responses to emotional stimuli are associated with childhood family stress. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 296–301.

Xiao, S. X. et al. (2018). Parental emotion regulation and preschoolers' prosocial behavior: The mediating roles of parental warmth and inductive discipline. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 9, 1-10.

Dream Feeding

Dewar, G. (2018). Dream feeding: An evidence based guide to helping babies sleep longer. Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/dream-feeding.html. Accessed August 2019.  This website is a good source of parenting information grounded in science, and Gwen Dewar does a good job of discussing the issues to consider on this subject.

Hogg, T. and Blau, M. (2005).  Secrets of the Baby Whisperer. (New York: Ballantine Books).

Karp, H. (2019). What is dream feeding? And how do I do it? Happiest Baby, https://www.happiestbaby.com/blogs/blog/what-is-a-dream-feed-and-how-do-i-do-it.   Accessed August 2019. 

Paul, I. M. et al. (2016). Responsive parenting intervention and infant sleep. Pediatrics, 138, (1), pii: e20160762.

Pinilla, T. and Birch, L. L. (1993). Help me make it through the night: Behavioral entrainment of breast-fed infants’ sleep patterns. Pediatrics, 91, (2), 436-44.

Ear Piercing

AAP. (Last updated June 2007). Avoiding infection after ear piercing. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/ear-nose-throat/pages/Avoiding-Infection-After-Ear-Piercing.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token. Accessed August 2019. 

Braithwaite, R. et al. (1999). Risks associated with tattooing and body piercing.  Journal of Public Health Policy, 20, (4), 459–470. 

Fijalkowska, M. et al. (2011). Should we say no to body piercing in children? Complications after ear piercing in children. International Journal of Dermatology, 50, (4), 467–469.

Fors, R. et al. (2012). Nickel allergy in relation to piercing and orthodontic appliances - a population study. Contact Dermatitis, 67, (6), 342–350.

Macgregor, D. M. (2001). The risks of ear piercing in children. Scottish Medical Journal, 46, (1), 9–10.

Marcer, H. et al. (2006). Body piercing in school children: a review of the issues. Community Practitioner, 79, (10), 328–330.

Parekh, J. and Kokotos, F. (2019). Ear piercing. Pediatrics in Review, 40, (1), 49-50.

Poe, S. and Cronin, A. (2014). Health risks associated with tattoos and body piercing.  Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 21, (7), 315–320.

Stapleton, F. B. (2004). Infection after ear piercing – think pseudomonas. Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine.

von Baeyer, C. et al. (1997). Underprediction of pain in children undergoing ear piercing.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, (5), 399–404.

Elimination Communication 

Bender, J. M. et al. (2017).  Elimination communication: Diaper-free in America. Pediatrics, 140, (1).

Boucke, L. (2002). Infant Potty Training: A Gentle and Primeval Method Adapted to Modern Living, (White-Boucke Publishing).

Dewar, G. (2010). “Infant toilet training: An evidence-based guide.”  https://www.parentingscience.com/infant-toilet-training.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

Duong, T. H. et al. (2010). Development of bladder control in the first year of life in children                who are potty trained early. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 6, (5), 501–505.

Rugolotto, S. et al. (2008). Toilet training started during the first year of life: a report on elimination signals, stool toileting refusal and completion age. Minerva Pediatrica, 60, (1), 27-35.

Sugimura, T. et al. (2009). Association between the frequency of disposable diaper changing and urinary tract infection in infants. Clinical Pediatrics, 48. (1), 18–20. 

Extended Breastfeeding 

Bartick, M. C. and Reinhold, A. (2010). The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: A pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics, 125, e1048–e1056.

--- et al. (2013). Cost analysis of maternal disease associated with suboptimal breastfeeding. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122, 111–119.

--- et al. (2016). Suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: Maternal and pediatric health outcomes and costs. Maternal & Child Nutrition,13, e12366.

Borba de Araújo, F. et al. (2012). Association between prolonged breast-feeding and early childhood caries: a hierarchical approach. Community Dental Oral Epidemiology, 40, (6), 542–549.

Chaffee, B. W. et al. (2014). Association of long-duration breastfeeding and dental caries estimated with marginal structural models.  Annals of Epidemiology, 24, (6), 448–454.

Dewey, K. G. (2001). Nutrition, growth, and complementary feeding of the breastfed infant. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, (1), 87-104.

Gouveri, E. et al. (2011). Breastfeeding and diabetes. Current Diabetes Reviews, 7, (2), 135-42.

Mandel, D. (2005). Fat and energy contents of expressed human breast milk in prolonged lactation. Pediatrics, 116, (3), e432-5.

Novello, A., (1990).  “You Can Eat Healthy,” Parade Magazine, Nov 11, 5.

Perrin, M. T. et al. (2013). The nutritive and immunoprotective quality of human milk beyond 1 year postpartum: Are lactation-duration-based donor exclusions justified? The Journal of Human Lactation, 29, (3), 341-9. 

--- et al. (2017). A longitudinal study of human milk composition in the second year postpartum: implications for human milk banking. Maternal & Childhood Nutrition, 13, (1).

Peres, K. G. et al. (2017). Impact of prolonged breastfeeding on dental caries: A population-based birth cohort study.  Pediatrics, 140, (1).  See also Tham, R. et al. (2015). Breastfeeding and the risk of dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Acta Paediatrica, 104, (467), 62–84.

UNICEF. (2018). Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) data. UNICEF, https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/infant-young-child-feeding/. Accessed August 2019.

Weaver, J. M. et al. (2018). Breastfeeding duration predicts greater maternal sensitivity over the next decade. Developmental Psychology, 54, (2), 220-227.

WHO. (2019). Infant and young child feeding. World Health Organization,  

https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding. Accessed August 2019.

First Bath

DiCioccio, H. et al. (2019).  Initiative to improve exclusive breastfeeding by delaying the newborn bath.  Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 48 (2), 189 – 196.  This recent article contains a broad review of relevant research related to the issue.

Kuller, J. M. (2014). Update on newborn bathing.  Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 14(4), 166-170.

Navsaria, D. (2019). AAP. Bathing your baby. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/bathing-skin-care/Pages/Bathing-Your-Newborn.aspx.  Accessed August 2019. 

World Health Organization. (2017). WHO recommendations on newborn health.  https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259269/WHO-MCA-17.07-eng.pdf?sequence=1.  Accessed August 2019.

Food Allergens and Early Exposure

AAP.  Nutrition tools.  https://brightfutures.aap.org/Bright%20Futures%20Documents/BFNutrition3rdEdition_tools.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

Burgess, J. A. et al. (2019). Age at introduction to complementary solid food and food allergy and sensitization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy,  https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13383. Accessed August 2019.

Caffarelli, C. et al. (2018). Solid food introduction and the development of food allergies. Nutrients, 10, (11), 1790. 

CDC.  (2019).  Many cases of botulism are preventable. https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/prevention.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

Chan, E. S. and Cummings, C. (2013). Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants: A joint statement with the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Paediatrics & Child Health, 18, (10), 545–549.

--- et al. (2018).  Early introduction of foods to prevent food allergy. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 14(Suppl 2), (57).  

Du Toit, G. et al. (2008). Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 122, (5), 984–91. 

Elizur, A. and Katz, Y. (2016). Timing of allergen exposure and the development of food allergy: treating before the horse is out of the barn. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 16, (2), 157-164.  

FDA.  (2018).  Honey pacifiers suspected in Texas infant botulism cases.  https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/honey-pacifiers-suspected-texas-infant-botulism-cases.  Accessed August 2019.

Fewtrell, M. et al. (2017). Complementary feeding: A position paper by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 64, (1), 119-132.

Fisher, H. R. et al. (2019), Preventing peanut allergy: Where are we now? Journal of  Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 7, 367–373.

Greer, F. R. et al. (2008). Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: The role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics. 121(1):183–91. 

--- et al. (2019). The effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: The role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, hydrolyzed formulas, and timing of introduction of allergenic complementary foods. Pediatrics, 143, (4), e20190281. 

Grimshaw, K. E. et al.  (2013). Introduction of complementary foods and the relationship to food allergy. Pediatrics, 132, e1529–e1538. 

Koplin, J. J. et al. (2010). Can early introduction of egg prevent egg allergy in infants? A population-based study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 126, (4), 807–13. 

Tham, E. H. et al. (2018). Early introduction of allergenic foods for the prevention of food allergy from an Asian perspective -An Asia Pacific Association of Pediatric Allergy, Respirology & Immunology (APAPARI) consensus statement. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 29(1), 18-27.

Togias, A. et al. (2017). Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 139, 29–44. 

West, C. (2017). Introduction of complementary foods to infants. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 70(Suppl 2), 47-54.

Germs

Hesselmar, B. et al. (2013). Pacifier cleaning practices and risk of allergy development. Pediatrics, 131, (6), e1829-37.

Lynch, S. V. et al. (2014). Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children.  Journal of Clinical Immunology, 134, (3), 593-601, e12.

---. et al. (2016). Thumb-sucking, nail-biting, and atopic sensitization, asthma, and hay fever. Pediatrics, 138, (2).

Stein, M. M. et al. (2016). Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375, (5), 411-421.

Strachan, D. P. (1989). Hay fever, hygiene and household size. British Medical Journal, 299, 1259-60. Umetsu, D. T. (2012). Early exposure to germs and the Hygiene Hypothesis. Cell Research, 22, (8), 1210–1211. 

Introducing Solid Foods

AAP. (2008). (Last updated 2018). Starting solid foods. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/Pages/Switching-To-Solid-Foods.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

---.  (2019). Infant food and feeding. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/HALF-Implementation-Guide/Age-Specific-Content/Pages/Infant-Food-and-Feeding.aspx. Accessed August, 2019. 

Burgess, J. A. et al. (2019). Age at introduction to complementary solid food and food allergy and sensitization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 49, (6), 754-769.

Caffarelli, C. et al. (2018). Solid food introduction and the development of food allergies. Nutrients, 10, (11), 1790.

CDC. (2018). When, what, and how to introduce solid foods. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/infantandtoddlernutrition/foods-and-drinks/when-to-introduce-solid-foods.html. Accessed August 2019. 

Chan, E. S. et al. (2018).  Early introduction of foods to prevent food allergy.  Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 14, (57). 

Dogan, E. et al. (2018). Baby-led complementary feeding: Randomized controlled study. Pediatrics International, 60, (12), 1073-1080.

Elizur, A. and Katz, Y. (2016). Timing of allergen exposure and the development of food allergy: treating before the horse is out of the barn. Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 16, (2), 157-164.

Fisher, H. R. et al. (2019). Preventing peanut allergy: Where are we now? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 7, 367–373.

Huh, S. Y. et al. (2011). Timing of solid food introduction and risk of obesity in preschool-ged children. Pediatrics, 127, (3), e544–e551. 

Koplin, J. J. et al. (2010). Can early introduction of egg prevent egg allergy in infants? A population-based study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 126, (4), 807–13. 

Naylor, A. J. and Morrow, A. L. (2001). Developmental readiness of normal full term infants to progress from exclusive breastfeeding to the introduction of complementary foods.  Academy for Educational Development, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacs461.pdf. Accessed August 2019.

Togias, A. et al. (2017). Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 139, 29–44. 

West, C. (2017). Introduction of complementary foods to infants. Annals of Nutrition and  Metabolism, 70(Suppl 2), 47-54.

Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding 

Astley, S. J. and Little, R. E. (1990). Maternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one year. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 12, 161–168.

Bertrand, K. et al. (2018). Marijuana use by breastfeeding mothers and cannabinoid concentrations in breast milk. Pediatrics, 142 (3). 

Jansson, L. et al. (2018). Perinatal marijuana use and the developing child. Journal of the American Medical Association, 320, (6), 545–546. 

Klonoff-Cohen, H. et al. (2001). Maternal and paternal recreational drug use and sudden infant death syndrome.  Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 765–770. 

Metz, T. et al. (2018). Marijuana use in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132, (5), 1198-1210. 

Perez-Reyes, M. et al. (1982). Presence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human milk. New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 819–820. 

Reece-Stremtan, S. et al. (2015). ABM Clinical Protocol #21: Guidelines for breastfeeding and substance use or substance use disorder. Breastfeeding Medicine, 10 (3). 

Ryan, S. et al. (2018). Marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding: Implications for neonatal and childhood outcomes. Pediatrics, 142, (3).

Tennes, K. et al. (1985). Marijuana: Prenatal and postnatal exposure in the human. NIDA Research Monograph, 59, 48–60. 

Massage

Bennett  C. et al. (2013). Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.  4. CD005038. 

Brauer, J. et al. (2016). Frequency of maternal touch predicts resting activity and connectivity of the developing social brain. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 26 (8), 3544–3552. 

Charpak,  N. et al. (2017). Twenty-year follow-up of kangaroo mother care versus traditional care. Pediatrics, 139 (1).

Conde-Agudelo, A. and Díaz-Rossello, J. L. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 8 (8).

Eghbalian F. et al. (2017). The lowering of bilirubin levels in patients with neonatal jaundice using massage therapy: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Infant Behavioral Development. 49:31-36.

Epple A. (2011). Infant massage for children with special needs and disabilities. Practising Midwife. 14:30.

Li X, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of using oil massage to promote infant growth. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016;31:e313.

Lin, C. H. et al. (2015). Effects of infant massage on jaundiced neonates undergoing phototherapy. Italian journal of pediatrics, 41, 94. 

Mayo Clinic Staff.  (2019). Infant massage:  Understand this soothing therapy. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/infant-massage/art-20047151.  Accessed August 2019. 

Neu, M. and Robinson, J. (2010). Maternal holding of preterm infants during the early weeks after birth and dyad interaction at six months. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 39, 401-414.

Pados BF, McGlothen-Bell K. (2019). Benefits of Infant Massage for Infants and Parents in the NICU. Nursing for Women’s Health. Jun;23(3):265-271.

Pelaez-Nogueras M. et al. (1996). Depressed mothers’ touching increases infants’ positive affect and attention in still-face interactions. Child Development, 67, 1780-92.

Underdown A, et al. (2006). Massage intervention for promoting mental and physical health in infants aged under six months. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 

Vicente S. et al. (2017). Infant massage improves attitudes toward childbearing, maternal satisfaction and pleasure in parenting. Infant Behavioral Development. 49:114-119.

Vickers A, et al. (2004). Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low-birth-weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2.

Medications and Breastfeeding 

AAP. (2019).  Breastfeeding and medication. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/Pages/Breastfeeding-and-Medication.aspx.  Accessed August 2019. 

Anderson, P. et al. (2003). Adverse drug reactions in breastfed infants: less than imagined. Clinical Pediatrics, 42, (4), 325–340.

Bar-Oz , B. et al. (2003). Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. Drug Safety, 26, (13), 925–935.

Bell, A. D. et al. (2011). The use of antiplatelet therapy in the outpatient setting: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 27, (suppl. A), S1–S59.

Berle, J.Ø. et al. (2004). Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome p450 genotypes. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1228.

Canadian Paediatric Society. (2004). Position statement: Weaning from the breast. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9, (4), 249–253. 

CDC. (2018). Prescription medication use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/prescription-medication-use.html. Accessed August 2019.

Davanzo, R. et al. (2011). Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeeding Medicine, 6, (2), 89-98.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/.  Accessed August 2019. 

GAO. (2010). Herbal dietary supplements: examples of deceptive or questionable marketing practices and potentially dangerous advice. U.S. Government Accountability Office, https://www.gao.gov/products/A89879. Accessed August 2019.

Gardiner, S. J. et al. (2006). Quantification of infant exposure to celecoxib through breast milk. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 61, (1), 101–104.

Kim, D. R. et al. (2014). Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression: an update. Expert Opinion on  Pharmacotherapy, 15, (9), 1223-34.

Sachs, H. (2013). The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: An update on selected topics. Pediatrics, 132, (3).  Sachs’s wide-ranging discussion of this subject is an excellent source for information about the many issues at play here.

Spencer, J. et al. (2001). Medications in the breastfeeding mother. American Family Physician, 64, (1), 119–126.

Spigset, O. and Hägg, S. (2000). Analgesics and breast-feeding: safety considerations. Paediatric Drugs, 2, (3), 223–238.

Music

Arnon S. et al. (2006). Live music is beneficial to preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit environment. Birth. 33:131–136.

Bergeson T.R. and Trehub, S.E. (2006) Infants’ perception of rhythmic patterns. Music Perception. 23(4):345–360.

Gerry, D. et al. (2012). Active music classes in infancy enhance musical, communicative and social development. Developmental Science; 15 (3): 398.

 ---. et al. (2010) Effects of Kindermusik training on infants’ rhythmic enculturation. Developmental Science. 13.(3):545–551

Hannon, E.E. and Trehub, S.E. (2005). Metrical categories in infancy and adulthood. Psychological Science. 16(1): 48–55.

---. (2005) Tuning in to musical rhythms: Infants learn more readily than adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.  102(35):12639–12643

Hartling L. et al. (2009). Music for medical indications in the neonatal period: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Disease in Childhood.  Fetal and Neonatal Edition ; 94:F349– F354.

Kuhl, P.K. and Zhao, T.C.  (2016). Effects of musical intervention in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Nov 1. pii: 201708508.

Trainor, L.J. (2012). Musical experience, plasticity, and maturation: issues in measuring developmental change using EEG and MEG. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 1252 (1): 25.

Tramo M. et al. (2011). Effects of music on physiological and behavioral indices of acute pain and stress in premature infants: clinical trial and literature re- view. Music and Medicine. 2011;3(2):72– 83.

UNICEF.  Nelson, Carlota.  Baby music:  The soundtrack to your child’s development.  https://www.unicef.org/parenting/child-development/baby-music-soundtrack-to-development. Accessed August 2019. 

Wong, P.C.M. et al. (2007) Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns. Natural Neuroscience. 10(4):420–422. 

Zatorre, R.J. (2013) Predispositions and plasticity in music and speech learning: Neural correlates and implications. Science. 342(6158):585–589. 

Nipple Confusion

Zimmerman, E. and Thompson, K. (2015). Clarifying nipple confusion.  Journal of 

Perinatology, 35, 895–899.  See this review, along with Zimmerman’s 2018 article (cited above) for a clear explanation of the science on the subject.

Zimmerman, E. (2018). Pacifier and bottle nipples: the targets for poor breastfeeding outcomes. Jornal de Pediatria, 94 (6), 571-573. 

Nursing Baby to Sleep

AAP. (2019). “Falling Asleep at the Breast/Bottle.” American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) radio series 'A Minute for Kids, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/aap-press-room-media-center/Pages/Falling-Asleep-at-the-Breast-Bottle.aspx. Accessed August 2019.

Anders TF et al. (1992) Sleeping through the night: a developmental perspective. Pediatrics. Oct;90(4):554-60.

Blunden SL et al. (2011).  Behavioural sleep treatments and night time crying in infants: challenging the status quo. Sleep Med Rev. 2011 Oct;15(5):327-34.

Cohen, A et al. (2012). “Breastfeeding may improve nocturnal sleep and reduce infantile colic: potential role of breast milk melatonin.” Eur J Pediatr. (4):729-32. 

Delgado, P.L. (2006). “Monoamine depletion studies: Implications for antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(4), 22-26. 

Dewar, G. (2018). “13 evidence-based tips for getting your baby to sleep: Finding the right infant sleep aid.” Parenting Science,  https://www.parentingscience.com/infant-sleep-aid.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

France KG and Blampied NM. (1999). “Infant sleep disturbance: Description of a problem behaviour process.” Sleep Medicine Reviews 3(4): 265-280. 

Goldman, A. S. (1993). “The immune system of human milk: Antimicrobial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties.” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 12(8), 664-671. 

Goodlin-Jones BL et al. (1997). “Maternal well-being and sleep-wake behaviors in infants: An intervention using maternal odor.” Infant Mental Health Journal. 18:378–393. 

Henry JP and Wang S. Effects of early stress on adult affiliative behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998 Nov;23(8):863-75. 

Hibberd, C.M. et al. (1981). “Variation in the composition of breast milk during the first 5 weeks of lactation: implications for the feeding of preterm infants.” Arch. Dis. Child., 57:658-62. 

Lien, E.L. (2003). “Infant formulas with increased concentrations of α-lactalbumin.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(6), 1555S-1558S. 

Meltzer, L.J. & Mindell, J.A. (2006).  “Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents.”  Psychiatrc Clinics of North America, 29, 1059-1076. 

Middlemiss W et al. (2012). Asynchrony of mother-infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity following extinction of infant crying responses induced during the transition to sleep. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Apr;88(4):227-32.

Nevarez, D. (2013). “Normal Infant Sleep: Night Nursing's Importance.” Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201303/normal-infant-sleep-night-nursings-importance.  Accessed August 2019. 

Nikolopoulou, M. and St James-Roberts, I. (2003). “Preventing sleeping problems in infants who are at risk of developing them.” Arch. Dis. Child. 88: 108 - 111. 

Owens J.L. et al. (1999). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for sleep disorders in infants and children: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews 3(4): 281-302.

Uvnäs-Moberg K, et al. (1993). “Plasma cholecystokinin concentrations after breast feeding in healthy 4 day old infants.” Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993;68:46-48.

On-demand vs. Scheduled Feeding

AAP. (2017). Responsive feeding: set your baby up for healthy growth and development. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://ihcw.aap.org/Documents/Early%20Feeding/Responsive%20Feeding/AAP-ReponsiveFeeding-2017-08-24-CMYK_R1.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

Chang, S. R. and Chen, K. H. (2004). Demand feeding for healthy premature newborns: A randomized crossover study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 103, (2), 112-7.

Crosson, D. D. and Pickler, R. H. (2004). An integrated review of the literature on demand feedings for preterm infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 4, 216–25. 

Dewar, G. (2017). The best infant feeding schedule: Why babies are better off feeding on cue. Parenting Science,https://www.parentingscience.com/infant-feeding-schedule.html. Accessed August 2019. For an excellent discussion of the issue, see the always-helpful “Parenting Science” website, where Gwen Dewar more fully explains and analyzes many of the ideas presented here. 

Dinkevich, E. et al. (2015). Mothers' feeding behaviors in infancy: Do they predict child weight trajectories? Obesity (Silver Spring), 23, (12), 2470-6.

Disantis, K. I. et al. (2011). The role of responsive feeding in overweight during infancy and toddlerhood: a systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 35, 480–492.

Fomon, S. J. et al. (1975). Influence of formula concentration on caloric intake and growth of normal infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 64, 172-181.

Gubbels, J. S. et al. (2011). Association of breast-feeding and feeding on demand with child weight status up to 4 years. International Journal of  Pediatric Obesity, 6, (2-2), e515-22.

Hester, S. N. et al. (2012). Is the macronutrient intake of formula-fed infants greater than breast-fed infants in early infancy? Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012, 891201.

Iacovou, M., and Sevilla, A. (2013). Infant feeding: the effects of scheduled vs. on-demand feeding on mothers' wellbeing and children's cognitive development. European Journal of Public Health, 23, (1), 13–19.

Khan, S. et al. (2013). Variation in fat, lactose, and protein composition in breast milk over 24 hours: associations with infant feeding patterns. Journal of  Human Lactation, 29, (1), 81-9.

Koosha, A. et al. (2008). Breast-feeding patterns and factors determining exclusive breast-feeding. Singapore Medical Journal, 49, (12), 1002– 6.

Perez-Escamilla, R. et al. (1994). Infant feeding policies in maternity wards and their effect on breast-feeding success: An analytical overview.  American Journal of Public Health, 84, 89–97. 

Puckett, B. et al. (2008). Cue-based feeding for preterm infants: A prospective trial.  American Journal of Perinatology, 25, 623–8. 

Rodgers, R. F. et al. (2013). Maternal feeding practices predict weight gain and obesogenic eating behaviors in young children: A prospective study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, (24).

Sewell, W. H. and Mussen, P. H. (1952). The effects of feeding, weaning, and schedulingprocedures on childhood adjustment and the formation of oral symptoms. Child Development. 23, 185–91. 

Szabó, E. et al. (2010). Fatty acid profile comparisons in human milk sampled from the same mothers at the sixth week and the sixth month of lactation. Journal of  Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 50, (3), 316-20.

Tylka, T. L. et al. (2015). Maternal intuitive eating as a moderator of the association between concern about child weight and restrictive child feeding. Appetite, 95, 158-65.

Woolridge, M. W. and Baum, J. D. (1992). Infant appetite-control and the regulation of breast milk supply. Children’s Hospital Quarterly, 3, 133-119.

Organic Foods

Forman, J. et al. (2012). Organic foods: Health and environmental advantages and disadvantages. Pediatrics, 130, e1406.

Grandjean, P. (2017). Health benefits of organic food, farming outlined in new report. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health,  https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/health-benefits-organic-food-farming-report/. Accessed August 2019.

Mie, A. et al. (2017). Human health implications of organic food and organic agriculture: A comprehensive review. Environmental Health, 16, (1), 111.

Oquist, K. A. et al. (2007). Influence of alternative and conventional farming practices on subsurface drainage and water quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, (4), 1194–1204.

Rahmann, G. (2011). Biodiversity and organic farming: What do we know?  Agriculture and Forestry Research, 61, (3), 189-208.

Rodale Institute. (2011). Farming Systems Trial. Rodale Institute. Org, https://www.rodaleinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/fst-30-year-report.pdf. Accessed August 2019.

Smith-Spangler, C. (2012). Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: A systematic review.  Annals of Internal Medicine, 157, (5), 348-366.

USDA. (Last updated August 2019). Organic Market Overview. U.S. Department of Agriculture, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/natural-resources-environment/organic-agriculture/organic-market-overview.aspx. Accessed August 2019.

Winter, C. K. and Davis, S. F. (2006). Organic foods. Journal of Food Science, 71, 117-124. 

Pacifiers

AAP. (2005). The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: Diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics, 116, (5), 1245–1255.

AAP. (2004). Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics, 113, (5), 1451–1465.

Barca, L. et al. (2017). Pacifier overuse and conceptual relations of abstract and emotional concepts.” Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02014. Accessed August 2019.

Eidelman, A. I. and Schanler, R. J. (2012).  Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 129, (3). 

Garrelts, L. and Melnyk, B. (2001). Pacifier usage and acute otitis media in infants and young children. Pediatric Nursing, 27, (5), 516-19. 

Hauck, F. et al. (2005). Do pacifiers reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome? Pediatrics, 116, (5), e716–e723.

Jaafar, S. H. et al. (2011). Pacifier use versus no pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 16, (3), CD007202.

Kramer, M. et al. (2001). Pacifier use, early weaning, and cry/fuss behavior: A randomized controlled trial.  JAMA, 286, (3), 322–326. 

Li, D. K. et al. (2006). Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Population based case-control study. The BMJ, 332, (7532), 18–22.

Moon, R. (2016). SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Evidence base for 2016 updated recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics, 138, (5).  For an in-depth look at research regarding pacifier use, this article is an excellent place to start.

Niedenthal, P. M. (2012). Negative relations between pacifier use and emotional competence, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34, (5), 387-394.

North Stone, K. et al. (2000). Socio-demographic associations with digit and pacifier sucking at 15 months of age and possible associations with infant infection.  Early Human Development, 60, (2), 137–148.

Pinelli, J. and Symington, A. (2005). Non-nutritive sucking for promoting physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, (4), CD001071.

Poyak, J. (2006). Effects of pacifiers on early oral development. International Journal of Orthodontics, 17, (4), 13–16. 

Rovers, M. et al. (2008). Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study. Family Practice, 25, (4), 233–236. 

Rychlowska, M. et al. (2014). Pacifiers disrupt adults’ responses to infants’ emotions. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 36, (4), 299-308.

Sexton, S. et al. (2009). Risks and benefits of pacifiers.  American Family Physician, 79, (8), 681-685. 

Shotts, L. et al. (2008). The impact of prolonged pacifier use on speech articulation:A preliminary investigation. Contemporary Issues in Communication and Disorders, 35, 72-75.

Van Norman, R. (2001). Why we can’t afford to ignore prolonged digit sucking. Contemporary Pediatrics, 18, 61–81.

Zempsky, W. et al. (2004). Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics, 114 (5), 1348–1356. 

“Parentese” and Baby Talk

Cristia, A. (2013). Input to language: The phonetics and perception of infant‐directed speech.  Language and Linguistics Compass. 7, (3), 157-170.

Dunst, C. J. et al. (2012). Preference for infant-directed speech in preverbal young children, Center for Early Learning Literacy, 5, (1). 

Elmlinger, S. et al. (2019). The ecology of prelinguistic vocal learning: Parents simplify the structure of their speech in response to babbling. Journal of Child Language, 46(5), 998-1011.

Fernald, A. (1985). Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese. Infant Behavioral Development, 8, 181–195.

Goldstein, M. H. and Schwade, J. A. (2008). Social feedback to infants' babbling facilitatesrapid phonological learning. Psychological Science, 19, (5), 515-23.

Madigan S, Prime H, Graham SA, Rodrigues M, Anderson N, Khoury J, Jenkins JM.Parenting                Behavior and Child Language: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2019 Oct;144(4).

Ramírez-Esparza, N. et al. (2017). Look who’s talking now! Parentese speech, social context, and language development across time.  Frontiers in Psychology, (8).  For an exhaustive summary of the research on the subject, see this recent article.  Many of the other studies cited here dovetail and overlap.

Singh, L. et al. (2009). Influences of infant-directed speech in early word recognition. Infancy, 14, 654–666. 

UNICEF.  2018.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=378xfXr8OWA&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR0ZpRZod9OpZxXkLx7Fyjo_1PhuyyKeq-DH8QDyoND_TjlYHXPe4nOarqc.  Accessed August 2019. 

Pets

AACAP. (2019). Pets and children.  American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 75, https://www.aacap.org/aacap/families_and_youth/facts_for_families/fff-guide/pets-and-children-075.aspx. Accessed August 2019.

Bergroth, E. et al. (2012). Respiratory tract illnesses during the first year of life: Effect of dog and cat contacts. Pediatrics, 130. (2), 211–220. 

Ezell, J. M. et al. (2013). A cross-sectional analysis of pet-specific immunoglobulin E sensitization and allergic symptomatology and household pet keeping in a birth cohort population. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings, 34, (6), 504–10.

Gadomski, A. M. et al. (2015). Pet dogs and children's health: Opportunities for chronic disease prevention? Preventing Chronic Disease, https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2015/15_0204.htm. Accessed August 2019.

Hurley, K. and Oakes, L. M. (2018). Infants' daily experience with pets and their scanning of animal faces.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 152. 

Kovack-Lesh, K. A. et al. (2014). Four-month-old infants’ visual investigation of cats and dogs: Relations with pet experience and attentional strategy. Developmental Psychology, 50, (2), 402–413. 

Lodge, C. J. et al. (2012). Perinatal cat and dog exposure and the risk of asthma and allergy in the urban environment: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clinical Development Immunology, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251799/. Accessed August 2019.

Nagasawa, M. (2009). Dog's gaze at its owner increases owner's urinary oxytocin during social interaction. Hormones and Behavior, 55, (3), 434-41.

Ownby, D. R. et al. (2002). Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. JAMA, 288, (8), 963–72.

Tun, H. M. et al. (2017). Exposure to household furry pets influences the gutmicrobiota of infants at 3-4 months following various birth scenarios. Microbiome, 5, (1), 40.

Postpartum Depression

Berle, J.Ø. et al. (2004). Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome p450 genotypes. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1228.

Brock, R.L. et al. (2019). An Integrated Relational Framework of Depressed Mood and Anhedonia During Pregnancy. Journal of Marriage and Family 77. 

Davanzo, R. et al. (2011). Antidepressant drugs and breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeeding Medicine, 6, (2), 89-98.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/. Accessed August 2019. 

Figueiredo, J.A. et al. (2019). Preterm birth as a risk factor for postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 259, 392-403. 

Hanington L. et al. (2011). Parental depression and child outcomes—is marital conflict the missing link? Child Care Health Dev. 39(4):520-529.

Høifødt R.S. et al (2015). Protocol for the Northern babies longitudinal study: predicting postpartum depression and improving parent–infant interaction with The Newborn Behavioral Observation BMJ Open 2017;7:e016005.

Inserro, A. (2018). Challenges of treating postpartum depression. AJMC. https://www.ajmc.com/conferences/psychcongress2018/challenges-of-treating-postpartum-depression-. Accessed August 2019. 

Jahangard, L. et al. (2019) Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8:9, 1290. 

Kim, D. R. et al. (2014). Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression: an update. Expert Opinion on  Pharmacotherapy, 15, (9), 1223-34.

Kim, P., & Swain, J. E. (2007). Sad dads: paternal postpartum depression. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 4(2), 35–47.

Ko JY et al. (2012). Depression and treatment among U.S. pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 2005-2009. Journal of Women’s Health. 2012 Aug;21(8):830-6.

Mayo Clinic.  (2018).  Postpartum depression.  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617.  Accessed August 2019. 

Netsi E. et al. (2018). Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(3):247-253.

O’Hara, M. W. and McCabe, J.E. (2013). Postpartum depression.  Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 9:1, 379-407 

Ponti, L. and Smorti, M. (2019). Mediating Role of Labor on the Relationship Between Prenatal Psychopathologic Symptoms and Symptoms of Postpartum Depression in Women Who Give Birth Vaginally. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 

Prelog, P.R. et al. (2019). Contextual-relationship and stress-related factors of postpartum depression symptoms in nulliparas: a prospective study from Ljubljana, Slovenia. Reproductive Health 16:1. 

Surkan PJ, et al. (2014). Early maternal depressive symptoms and child growth trajectories: a longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative US birth cohort. BMC Pediatr. 14:185.

Verkuijl N.E. et al. (2014). Postnatal depressive symptoms and child psychological development at 10 years: a prospective study of longitudinal data from the South African Birth to Twenty cohort. Lancet Psychiatry. 1(6):454-460.

Woolhouse H. et al. (2016). Maternal depression from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum and emotional/behavioural difficulties in children: results from a prospective pregnancy cohort study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 19(1):141-151.

Yim, I.S. et al. (2015). Biological and Psychosocial Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Call for Integration. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2015 11:1, 99-13. 

Potty Training

AAP. (1999). Toilet training guidelines: Parents-The role of the parents in toilet training. Pediatrics, 103, (6, Part 2), 1362-1363.

Bakker, E. et al. (2002). Results of a questionnaire evaluating the effects of different methods of toilet training on achieving bladder control. British Journal of Urology, 90, 456-461. 

Barone, J. G. et al. (2009). Later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 5, (6), 458-61. 

Blum, N. J. et al.  (2003). Relationship between age at initiation of toilet training and duration of training: A prospective study.” Pediatrics, 111(4, Part 1), 810-4. 

Dewar, G. (Last updated 2015). The timing of toilet training: What's the best potty training age? Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/potty-training-age.html. Accessed August 2019.

Hodges, S. et al. (2014). The association of age of toilet training and dysfunctional voiding. Research and Reports in Urology, 127.

---. (2017). The dangerous consequences of potty training too early.  https://foreverymom.com/family-parenting/dangers-potty-training-too-early-dr-steve-hodges/. Accessed August 2019.

Kimball, V. (2016). The perils and pitfalls of potty training. Pediatric Annals, 45, (6), e199-201.

Oster, E. (2019). Cribsheet.  (New York: Penguin Press).  

Schum, T. R. et al. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: A descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109, 48-54. 

Probiotics

AAP. (2018). Probiotics in infant formula. American Academy of Pediatrics,https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/formula-feeding/Pages/Probiotics-in-Infant-Formula.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

Agostoni, C. et al. (2004).  Probiotic bacteria in dietetic products for infants: A commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 38, (4), 365–374.

AlFaleh, K. and Anabrees, J. (2014). Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD005496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub4. Accessed August 2019.

Baldassarre, M. E. et al. (2018). Effectiveness and safety of a probiotic-mixture for the treatment of infantile colic: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with fecal real-time PCR and NMR-based metabolomics analysis. Nutrients, 10, (2), pii: E195, doi: 10.3390/nu10020195. Accessed August 2019.

Didari, T. et al. 2014). A systematic review of the safety of probiotics. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 13, (2), 227-39.

Frese, S. A. et al. (2017). Persistence of supplemented bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis EVC001 in breastfed infants. mSphere, 2, (6), doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00501-17. Accessed August 2019.

Hayes, S. R. and Vargas, A. J. (2016). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Explore: The Journal of Science & Healing, 12, (6), 463–466. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2016.08.015. Accessed August 2019.

Hibberd, P. L. et al. (2014). No evidence of harms of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 in healthy elderly—A phase I open label study to assess safety, tolerability and cytokine responses. PLOS One, 9, (12), 10.1371/journal.pone.0113456. Accessed August 2019.

Neu, J. (2014). Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis. Clinics in Perinatology, 41, (4), 967-78.

NIH. (2019). Probiotics: What you need to know. National Institutes of Health, https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm. Accessed August 2019.

Pärtty, A. et al. (2015). A possible link between early probiotic intervention and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders later in childhood: A randomized trial. Pediatric Research, 77, (6), 823-8.

Quin, C. (2018). Probiotic supplementation and associated infant gut microbiome and health: A cautionary retrospective clinical comparison. Scientific Reports, 8, (8283). This recent article offers an excellent, wide-ranging overview of where research stands on the question of infants and biotics.

Thomas, D. W. et al.  (2010). Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatrics. Pediatrics, 126, (6), 1217-31.

Topcuoglu, S. et al. (2015). A new risk factor for neonatal vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonisation: Bacterial probiotics. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 28, 12), 1491-4.

Zuccotti, G. et al. (2015). Probiotics for prevention of atopic diseases in infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy, 70, (11), 1356–1371.

Pumped Milk vs. Direct Breastfeeding 

Abedi, P. et al. (2016). Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2/abstract. Accessed August 2019.

Akinbi, H. et al. (2010). Alterations in the host defense properties of human milk following prolonged storage or pasteurization. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 51, (3), 347–352.

Ballard, O. and Morrow, A. L. (2013). Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 60, (1), 49–74.

Cabrera-Rubio, R. et al. (2012). The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96, (3), 544-51.

Dilli, D. et al.  (2009). Interventions to reduce pain during vaccination in infancy.  Journal of Pediatrics, 154, (3), 385-90.

Ewaschuk, J. B. et al. (2011). Effect of pasteurization on selected immune components of donated human breast milk.  Journal of Perinatology, 31, (9), 593-8.

Moddares, M. et al.  (2006). Effects of breast feeding on pain of injection in newborns. Journal of Hayat, 12, 31–8.

Penn, A.  (2014). Effect of digestion and storage of human milk on free fatty acid concentration and cytotoxicity.  Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 59, (3), 365–373.

Rasmussen, K. M. and Geraghty, S. R. (2011). The quiet revolution: breastfeeding transformed with the use of breast pumps.  American Journal of Public Health, 101, (8), 1356-9.

Shah, P. S. et al. (2007). Breastfeeding or breastmilk to alleviate procedural pain in neonates: a systematic review.  Breastfeeding Medicine, 2, (2), 74-82.

Reading to Baby

All experts, everywhere, agree.

Screen Time

AAP. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138, (5).

Anderson, D. R. and Pempek, T. A. (2005). Television and very young children. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, (5), 505–522. 

Courage, M. L. et al. (2016). Infants, toddlers and learning from screen media. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/technology-early-childhood-education/according-experts/infants-toddlers-and-learning-screen-media. Accessed August 2019.

Cox, R. et al. (2012). Television viewing, television content, food intake, physical activity and body mass index: A cross-sectional study of preschool children aged 2-6 years. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 23, (1), 58–62.

DeLoache, J. S. (2010). Do babies learn from baby media? Psychological Science, 21, (11), 1570-1574. 

Duch, H. et al. (2013). Screen time use in children under 3 years old: A systematic review of correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 102. This article provides a broad and helpful summary of much of the research related to this topic.

Garrison, M. M. et al. (2011). Media use and child sleep: The impact of content, timing, and environment. Pediatrics, 128, (1), 29–35.

Hinkley, T. et al. (2014). Early childhood electronic media use as a predictor of poorer well-being: A prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, (5), 485–492.

Lin, Y. et al. (2015). Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behavior and Development, 38, 20–26.

Linebarger, D. L. and Vaala, S. E. (2010). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30, (2), 176-202. 

Madigan, S. et al. (2019). Association between screen time and children's performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, (3), 244-250.

Pagani, L. S. et al. (2010). Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical wellbeing by middle childhood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164, (5), 425-31. 

Robb, M. (2009). Just a talking book?  Word learning from baby videos. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27, (1), 27-45.

Salti, R. et al. (2006). Age-dependent association of exposure to television screen with children’s urinary melatonin excretion? Neuroendocrinology Letters, 27, (1-2), 73–80.

Troseth, G. L. et al. (2018). Let's chat: On-screen social responsiveness is not sufficient to support toddlers' word learning from video. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2195.

Vaala, S. E. (2010). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30,(2), 176-202.

van den Heuvel, M. et al. (2019). Mobil media device use is associated with expressive language delay in 18-month-old children. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 40, (2), 99-104.

Vijakkhana, N. et al. (2015). Evening media exposure reduces night-time sleep. Acta Paediatrica, 104, (3), 306–312.  

WHO.  (2019).  Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of  age. World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311664/9789241550536-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed August 2019. 

Zimmerman, F. J. et al. (2007). Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age 2 years. Journal of Pediatrics, 151, (4), 364–368.

Security Blankets

AAP Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. (2016). SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics. 138(5):e20162938.

AAP. (2016). American Academy of Pediatrics Announces New Safe Sleep Recommendations to Protect Against SIDS, Sleep-Related Infant deaths. https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/american-academy-of-pediatrics-announces-new-safe-sleep-recommendations-to-protect-against-sids.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

Sedation While Traveling

Benadryl Dosing Guide. (2016).  https://www.benadryl.com/benadryl-dosing-guide.  Accessed August 2019. 

Callahan, A. (2012).  Using Benadryl for travel with a toddler: A cautionary tale and a little science.  https://scienceofmom.com/2012/06/28/using-benadryl-for-travel-with-a-toddler-a-cautionary-tale-and-a-little-science/#_ENREF_3.  Accessed August 2019.  This article, from Callahan’s “The Science of Mom” website, offers an honest and funny story about flying with her own infant then presents a good overview of available research.

Cole, J. B. et al. (2011). Wide complex tachycardia in a pediatric diphenhydramine overdose treated with sodium bicarbonate. Pediatric Emergency Care, 27, (12), 1175-7.

DailyMed. (Last updated Oct. 2017). National Institutes of Health, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=fc9181b9-c92d-493e-8d7c-4a4239c6c092.Accessed August 2019. 

Merenstein, D. et al. (2006). The trial of infant response to diphenhydramine: The TIRED study–A randomized, controlled, patient-oriented trial.  Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 160,(7), 707-12.

Mindell, J. A. et al. (2006). Pharmacologic management of insomnia in children and adolescents: Consensus statement. Pediatrics, 117, (6), e1223-32.

Nierengarten, M. (2016). Kids on planes. Contemporary Pediatrics, 33, (5), 26-28.  See this article for a slightly more recent summary of the issue from a pediatrician’s point of view.

Russo, R. M. et al. (1976). The effectiveness of diphenhydramine HCI in pediatric sleep disorders. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16, (5-6), 284-8.

Sensitive Babies 

Bongers, I. L. et al. (2003). The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 179–192.

Calkins, S. D. and Degnan, K. A. (2006). “Temperament in early development.” In Ammerman, R., (Ed.), Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Child Psychopathology. (New York: Wiley).

Degnan, K. A. and Fox, N. A. (2007). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: Multiple levels of a resilience process. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 729–746.

Fox, N. A. et al. (2001). Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Development, 72, (1), 1-21.

Guyer, A. E. et al. (2015). Temperament and parenting styles in early childhood differentially influence neural response to peer evaluation in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, (5), 863-74. 

McLeod, B. D. et al. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172.

Propper, C. and Moore, G. A. (2006). The influence of parenting on infant emotionality: A multi-level psychobiological perspective. Developmental Review, 26, 427–460.

Querido, J. G. et al. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 31, 272–277.

Rubin, K. H. and Burgess, K. (2002). “Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children.” In Bornstein, M., (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting,Vol. 1. (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 383–418.

Steinberg, L. et al. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 47–58.

Van Brakel A. M. et al, (2006). A multifactorial model for the etiology of anxiety in non-clinical adolescents: Main and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition, attachment and parental rearing. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 569–579.

Van Leeuwen, K. G. et al. (2004). Child personality and parental behavior as moderators of problem behavior: Variable- and person-centered approaches. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1028–1046. 

Wood, J. J. et al. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 134–151.

Sign Language

Fitzpatrick, E. et al. (2014). How HANDy are baby signs? A systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months.  First Language, 34 (6), 486-509.

Goodwyn, S. W. et al. (2000). Impact of symbolic gesturing on early language development. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 81-103.

Howard, L. and Doherty-Sneddon, G. (2014). How HANDy are baby signs? A commentary on a systematic review of the impact of gestural communication on typically developing, hearing infants under the age of 36 months. First Language, 34, 510-515. 

Johnston, J. et al. (2005). Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development. First Language, 25, 235–251.

Mueller, V. et al. (2014). The effects of baby sign training on child development. Early Child Development and Care, 184, 1178-1191.

Seal, B.  (2010). About baby signing. The ASHA Leader, https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR5.15132010.np.  Accessed August 2019. 

Thompson, R. H. et al. (2004). The effects of delayed physical prompts and reinforcement on infant sign language acquisition. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37 (3), 379-83.

---. (2007). Enhancing early communication through infant sign training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40 (1), 15-23.

Vallotton, C. D. and  Ayoub, C. C. (2010). Symbols build communication and thought: The role of gestures and words in the development of engagement skills and social-emotional concepts during toddlerhood. Social Development, 19 (3), 601-626.

Silence vs. Noise in the House

AAP. (2014). Can infant sleep machines be hazardous to babies’ ears? American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/Can-Infant-Sleep-Machines-Be-Hazardous-to-Babies%27-Ears.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

ASHA. (1997-2019). Loud noise dangers. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,   https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Loud-Noise-Dangers/.  Accessed August 2019. 

Hugh, S. C. et al. (2014). Infant sleep machines and hazardous sound pressure levels. Pediatrics, 133, (4), 677-81.

Mahboubi, H. et al. (2013). Systematic assessment of noise amplitude generated by toys intended for young children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 148, (6), 1043-7.

NIOSH. (1998). Occupational noise exposure: Criteria for a recommended standard. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-126/pdfs/98-126.pdf. Accessed August 2019.

Weinreich, H. M. et al. (2013). Limiting hazardous noise exposure from noisy toys: Simple, sticky solutions. Laryngoscope, 123, (9), 2240-4.

Sleep Training

Dewar, G. (2016). Gentle infant sleep training. Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/infant-sleep-training.html. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2017). The Ferber method:  What is it, and how does it affect babies?  Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/Ferber-method.html. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2017). The Ferber method:  What is it, and how does it affect babies?  Parenting Science, https://www.parentingscience.com/Ferber-method.html. Accessed August 2019. 

Doucleff, M. (2019). Sleep training truths. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/07/15/730339536/sleep-training-truths-what-science-can-and-cant-tell-us-about-crying-it-out. Accessed August 2019. 

Eckerberg, B. (2004). Treatment of sleep problems in families with young children:  Effects of treatment on family well-being. Acta Paediatrica, 93, (1), 126-34.

Ferber, R. (2006). Solving Your Child’s Sleep Problems: New, Revised, and Expanded Edition. (New York: Fireside).

---. Referenced in Dewar, 2017.

 France, K. G. and Blampied, N. M. (1999). Infant sleep disturbance: Description of a problem behaviour process. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 3, (4), 265-280.

Gradisar, M. et al. (2016). Behavioral interventions for infant sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 137, (6), pii:e20151486. 

Hall, W. A. et al. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of an intervention for infants’ behavioral sleep problems. BMC Pediatrics, 15, 181.

Higley E, and Dozier M. Nighttime maternal responsiveness and infant attachment at one year. Attach Hum Dev. 2009 Jul;11(4):347-63.

Honaker, S. et al. (2018). Real-world implementation of infant behavioral sleep interventions: Results of a parental survey. The Journal of Pediatrics, 199, 106-111.e2

Hiscock, H. et al. (2007). Improving infant sleep and maternal mental health: A cluster randomized trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92, (11), 952–8.

Korownyk, C. and Lindblad, A. J. (2018). Infant sleep training: rest easy?. Canadian Family 

Physician, 64, (1), 41.  See this article for a quick and helpful rundown of the research available on the subject.  

Lyons, D. M. et al. (2010). Animal models of early life stress: Implications for understanding resilience. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, (5), 402–410. 

Maitre, N. L. et al. (2017). Cry presence and amplitude do not reflect cortical processing of painful stimuli in newborns with distinct responses to touch or cold. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 102, (5), F428-F433.

Matthey, S. and Črnčec, R. (2012). Comparison of two strategies to improve infant sleep problems, and associated impacts on maternal experience, mood and infant emotional health: A single case replication design study. Early Human Development, 88, (6), 437-42.

Mindell, J. A. et al. (2006). Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children. Sleep, 29, (10), 1263–76. Erratum in: Sleep, 29, (11), 1380.

Narvaez, D. (2016). Flawed sleep-training study makes invalid claims. Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201606/flawed-sleep-training-study-makes-invalid-claims-in-the-news. Accessed August 2019. 

Owens, J. L. et al. (1999). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for sleep disorders in infants and children: A review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 3, (4), 281-302.

Philbrook, L.E., et al.  (2014). Maternal emotional availability at bedtime and infant cortisol at 1 and 3 months. Early Human Development 90 595–605.

Price, A. M. H. et al. (2012). Five-year follow-up of harms and benefits of behavioral infant sleep intervention: Randomized trial. Pediatrics, 130, (4), 643–51.

Schore, A. Personal communication. March 1, 2020.

Skuladottir, A. and Thome, M. (2003). Changes in infant sleep problems after a family-centered intervention. Pediatric Nursing, 29, (5), 375-8. Cited in Dewar, 2016.

Spruyt, K. et al. (2007). Relationship between sleep/wake patterns, temperament and overall development in term infants over the first year of life. Early Human Development, 84, (5), 289–96.

Symon, B. G. et al. (2005). Effect of a consultation teaching behaviour modification on sleep performance in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia, 182, (5), 215–8.

Teti, D. M., et al. (2010). Maternal emotional availability at bedtime predicts infant sleep quality. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 307–315. 

Sleeping in Car Seats, Swings, and Strollers

CDC. (2019). Helping babies sleep safely.  https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/features/baby-safe-sleep/index.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

Hohman, M. (2016). What you need to know about letting baby sleep in a car seat. https://www.whattoexpect.com/wom/baby/1105/what-you-need-to-know-about-letting-baby-sleep-in-a-car-seat.  Accessed August 2019. 

Liaw, P. et al. Infant deaths in sitting devices. Pediatrics Jul 2019, 144 (1) e20182576

Wyckoff, A.S. (2019). Large study sheds light on infant deaths in sitting devices.  https://www.aappublications.org/news/2019/05/20/sittingdevices052019.  Accessed August 2019. 

Sleep Training

AAP. (2019).  Breastfeeding. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Breastfeeding/Pages/Benefits-of-Breastfeeding.aspx.  Accessed August 2019. 

Amir LH. Maternal smoking and reduced duration of breastfeeding: a review of possible mechanisms. Early Hum Dev. 2001 Aug;64(1):45-67.

Banderali, G. et al. (2015). Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: A descriptive review. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 327.

Batstra, L. et al. (2003). Can breast feeding modify the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy on the child’s cognitive development? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57:403-404.

Bonyata, Kelly.  (2018).  Breastfeeding and cigarette smoking. https://kellymom.com/bf/can-i-breastfeed/lifestyle/smoking/.  Accessed August 2019. 

CDC. (2018). Tobacco and e-cigarettes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/tobacco-and-e-cigarettes.html.  Accessed August 2019.   

---.  2018.  Health effects of secondhand smoke.

Demirci, J. R. et al. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of early breastfeeding among late preterm mother-infant dyads. Breastfeeding Medicine, 8, (3), 277–285.

DiFranza, J. R. et al. (2004). Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children’s health. Pediatrics, 113, 1007–1015.

Ferguson, B. B. et al. (1976). Determination of nicotine concentrations in human milk. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 130, 837–839.

Gibson, L. and Porter, M. (2018). Drinking and smoking while breastfeeding and later cognition in children. Pediatrics, 142, (2), e20174266.  This article provides a broad overview of the science surrounding the issues of drinking and smoking while breastfeeding.

Goldade, K. et al. (2008). Breastfeeding and smoking among low-income women: Results of a longitudinal qualitative study. Birth, 35, (3), 230–240.

Hayes, J. T. (2017).  What is thirdhand smoke, and why is it a concern? Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791. Accessed August 2019. 

Hopkinson, J. M. et al. (1992). Milk production by mothers of premature infants: influence of cigarette smoking. Pediatrics, 90, 934–938.

Horta  BL et al.  (2001).  Maternal smoking and the risk of early weaning: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 91(2):304–307.

La Leche League.  (2019).  Smoking and breastfeeding.  https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/smoking-and-breastfeeding/.  Accessed August 2019. 

Maloney, E. et al. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of alcohol use in pregnancy and breastfeeding among Australian women. Birth, 38, (1), 3–9.

Matt, G. E. et al. (2011). Thirdhand tobacco smoke: Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, (9), 1218–26. 

Mennella, J. A. and Beauchamp, G. K. (1998). Smoking and the flavor of breast milk. New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 1559–1560.

--- et al. (2007). Breastfeeding and smoking: Short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics, 120, (3), 497-502.

Moore, B. F. et al. (2017). Exposure to secondhand smoke, exclusive breastfeeding and infant adiposity at age 5 months in the Healthy Start study. Pediatric Obesity. 12, (Suppl 1), 111-119.

Primo, C. C. et al. (2013). Effects of maternal nicotine on breastfeeding infants. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 31, (3), 392–397. 

Royal College of Physicians. (2010). Passive Smoking and Children: A Report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. (London: Royal College of Physicians).

SCOTH. (2016). Secondhand smoke: Review of the evidence since1998. Update of evidence on health effects of secondhand smoke. Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health,http://www.smokefreeengland.co.uk/files/scoth_secondhandsmoke.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

Shenassa, E. D. and Brown, M. J. (2004). Maternal smoking and infantile gastrointestinal dysregulation: The case of colic. Pediatrics, 114, (4), e497-505.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Surgeon General’s Report: The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm. Accessed August 2019. 

Social Media and Your Baby’s Online Presence

AVG Technologies.  (2010).  Digital birth.  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101006006722/en/Digital-Birth-Online-World.  Accessed August 2019. 

Bartholomew MK et al. (2012). New Parents' Facebook Use at the Transition to Parenthood. Family Relations. Jul;61(3):455-469.

Brosch, Anna. (2016). When the Child is Born into the Internet : Sharenting as a Growing Trend among Parents on Facebook. The New Educational Review. 43. 225-235.  This article is the place to begin to see an excellent summary of the available research.

Fox, A.K. and Mariea Grubbs Hoy, M.G. (2019). Smart Devices, Smart Decisions? Implications of Parents’ Sharenting for Children’s Online Privacy: An Investigation of Mothers. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing.  

Steinberg, S. (2017). Sharenting: Children's Privacy in the Age of Social Media (March 8, 2016). 66 Emory L.J. 839; University of Florida Levin College of Law Research Paper No. 16-41.

University of Tennessee at Knoxville. (2019). New moms may be vulnerable to 'sharenting'. ScienceDaily. Accessed August 2019. 

Verswijvel K. et al.  (2019).  Sharenting, is it a good or a bad thing? Understanding how adolescents think and feel about sharenting on social network sites.  Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 104.  319-327.

Spanking

Afifi, T. O. et al. (2017). Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 24-31.

---. (2017). The relationships between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health, 17, (1), 493.

APA. (2019). Task Force on Physical Punishment of Children. American Psychological Association, https://www.apadivisions.org/division-37/news-events/hitting-children.  Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2019). Resolution on Physical Discipline of Children By Parents.  https://www.apa.org/about/policy/physical-discipline.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

Berlin, L. J. et al. (2009). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers. Child Development, 80, (5), 1403-20. 

Boutwell, B. B. et al. (2011). Physical punishment and childhood aggression: The role of gender and gene-environment interplay. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 559–568. 

Bugental, D. B. et al. (2003). The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant maltreatment. Hormones and Behavior, 43, (1), 237-44. 

Christie-Mizell, C. A. et al. (2008). Child depressive symptoms, spanking and emotional support: Differences between African American and European American youth. Family Relations, 57, 335–350. 

Cole, D. (2018).  What happens when a country bans spanking? NPR.org, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/10/25/660191806/what-happens-when-a-country-bans-spanking. Accessed August 2019. 

Crandall, M. et al. (2006). Injury in the first year of life: Risk factors and solutions for high-risk families.” Journal of Surgical Research, 133, (1), 7-10. 

Day, D. E. and Roberts, M. W. (1983). An analysis of the physical punishment component of a parent training program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 141–152.

Eisner, M. P. and Malti, T. (2015). “Aggressive and violent behavior.” In Lamb, M. E., (Vol. Ed.) & Lerner R. M., (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Vol. 3. Socioemotional Processes, (NY: Wiley), 794–841.

Felitti, V. J. et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, (4), 245-58. 

Ferguson, C. J. (2013). Spanking, corporal punishment and negative long- term outcomes: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 196–208.

Fortson, B. L. et al. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/can-prevention-technical-package.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579. 

--- and Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, (4), 453-69.

--- et al. (2018).  Strengthening causal estimates for links between spanking and children's externalizing behavior problems. Psychological Science, 29, (1), 110–120.

Holden, G. W. et al. (2017). Researchers deserve a better critique: Response to Larzelere, Gunnoe, Roberts, and Ferguson (2017), Marriage & Family Review, 53, (5), 465-490.  

 Lansford, J. E. et al. (2005). Physical discipline and children's adjustment: Cultural normativeness as a moderator. Child Development, 76, (6), 1234–1246. 

Larzelere, R. E. and Kuhn, B. R. (2005). Comparing child outcomes of physical punishment and alternative disciplinary tactics: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 1-37. 

---. (Updated April 2016). Major conclusions and comparisons with other meta-analyses through 2016.  https://humansciences.okstate.edu/hdfs/directory/images/larzelere-kuhn-2005.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

Lee, S. et al. (2014). Parental spanking of 1-year-old children and subsequent child protective services involvement. Science Direct: Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, (5), 875-88.

MacKenzie, M. J. et al. (2015). Spanking and children's externalizing behavior across the first decade of life: Evidence for transactional processes.  Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, (3), 658-69. 

Maguire-Jack, K. et al. (2012). Spanking and child development during the first 5 years of life. Child Development, 83, (6), 1960-77.

Paolucci, E. O. and Violato, C. (2004). A meta-analysis of the published research on the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of corporal punishment. The Journal of Psychology, 138, 197–221. 

Roberts, M. W. and Powers, S. W. (1990). Adjusting chair timeout enforcement procedures for oppositional children. Behavior Therapy, 21, 257–271. 

Sege, R. and Siegel, B. (2018). Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children. Pediatrics, 142.

Siegel, D. J. and Bryson, T. P.  (2014). No-Drama Discipline: The Whole-Brain Way to Calm the Chaos and Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind. (New York: Bantam).

Streit, C. et al. (2017). Negative emotionality and discipline as long-term predictors of behavioral outcomes in African American and European American children. Developmental Psychology, 53, (6), 1013-1026.

Tomoda, A. et al. (2009). Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment. NeuroImage, 47, (Suppl 2), T66–T71. 

Wang, M. and Liu, L. (2018). Reciprocal relations between harsh discipline and children's externalizing behavior in China: A 5-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 89, (1), 174-187.

Spoiling a Baby by Too Much Holding 

Ainsworth, M. D. et al. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 116–136.

Anisfeld, E. et al. (1990). Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Development, 61, 1617–1627.

Benoit, D. (2004). Infant-parent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents,measurement and outcome. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9, (8), 541-545.

Bergman, N. J. et al. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200- to 2199-gram newborns. Acta Paediatrica, 93, (6), 779-85.

Bowlby, J. (1969). “Attachment” in Attachment and Loss, Vol 1. (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis).

Brauer, J. et al. (2016). Frequency of maternal touch predicts resting activity and connectivity of the developing social brain. Cerebral Cortex, 26(8), 3544–3552. 

Castral, T. C. et al. (2008). The effects of skin-to-skin contact during acute pain in preterm newborns. European Journal of Pain, 12, (4), 464-71.

Charpak, N. (2017). Twenty-year follow-up of kangaroo mother care versus traditional care. Pediatrics, https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/139/1/e20162063.full.pdf. Accessed August 2019.

Conde-Agudelo, A. and Díaz-Rossello, J. L. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4/full. Accessed August 2019.

Erlandsson, K. et al. (2007). Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior. Birth, 34, (2), 105-14.

Gabriel, M. et al. (2010). Randomized controlled trial of early skin-to-skin contact: Effects on the mother and the newborn. Acta Paediatrica, 99, (11), 1630-4.

Gray, L. et al. (2012). Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns. Pediatrics, 105, (1), e14.

Hong, Y. R. and Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 55, (12), 449–454. 

Moore, E. R. et al. (2012). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, https://www.cochrane.org/CD003519/PREG_early-skin-skin-contact-mothers-and-their-healthy-newborn-infants. Accessed August 2019.

Neu, M. and Robinson, J. (2010). Maternal holding of preterm infants during the early weeks after birth and dyad interaction at six months. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological, & Neonatal Nursing, 39, 401-414.

Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349–367.

Sullivan, R. et al. (2012). Infant bonding and attachment to the caregiver: Insights from basic and clinical science. Clinics in Perinatology, 38, (4), 643-55. 

van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403.

Vittner, D. et al. (2018). Increase in oxytocin from skin-to-skin contact enhances development of parent-infant relationship. Biological Research for Nursing, 20, (1), 54-62.

Warren, S. L. et al. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637–644.

Stranger Anxiety

Bridges, K. M. B. (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Child Development, 3,  324–341.

de Rosnay, M. et al. (2006). Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: An experimental study using a social referencing paradigm. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, (8), 1165-75.

Guyer, A. E. et al. (2015). Temperament and parenting styles in early childhood differentially influence neural response to peer evaluation in adolescence.  Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, (5), 863-74.

Matsuda, Y. T. et al. (2013). Shyness in early infancy: Approach-avoidance conflicts in temperament and hypersensitivity to eyes during initial gazes to faces. PLOS One, 8, (6), e65476. 

Propper, C. and Moore, G. A. (2006). The influence of parenting on infant emotionality: A multi-level psychobiological perspective. Developmental Review, 26, 427–460.

Putnam, S. P. and Stifter, C. A. (2002). Development of approach and inhibition in the first year: Parallel findings from motor behavior, temperament ratings and directional cardiac response. Developmental Science, 5, 441–451.

---. (2005). Behavioral approach-inhibition in toddlers: Prediction from infancy, positive and negative affective components, and relations with behavior problems. Child Development, 76, 212–226.

Querido, J. G. et al. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31, 272–277.

Steinberg, L. et al. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 47–58.

Tennes, K. H. and Lampl, E. E. (1964). Stranger and separation anxiety in infancy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139, (3), 247–254.

Vouloumanos, A. and Bryant, G. (2019). Five-month-old infants detect affiliation in co-aughter. Scientific Reports, 9, (1), 4158.

Wood, J. J. et al. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and 

future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 134–151.

Sunscreen

AAD. (2018). Sunscreen FAQs. American Academy of Pediatrics,  https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care/sunscreen-faqs.  Accessed August 2019.

AAP. (2019). Sun safety and protection tips. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/news-features-and-safety-tips/Pages/Sun-Safety-and-Protection.aspx. Accessed August 2019.

Berneburg, M. and Surber, C. (2009). Children and sun protection. British Journal of Dermatology, 161, (Suppl 3), 33-9.

Bray, F. et al. (2017). Sun protection for infants: Parent behaviors and beliefs in Miami, Florida. Cutis, 99, 339-341. 

CDC. (2019). How can I protect my children from the sun? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/children.htm. Accessed August 2019.

Hamre, M. R. et al. (2002). Cutaneous melanoma in childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 115, 649–654.

Jarrett, P. et al. (1993). Protection of children by their mothers against sunburn. BMJ, 306, (6890), 1448.

Jemal, A. et al. (2005). Cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, http://CAonline.AmCancerSoc.org. Accessed August 2019.

Lange, J. R. and Balch, C. M. (2005). Melanoma in children: Heightened awareness of an uncommon but often curable malignancy. Pediatrics, 115, 802–803.

Nazanin, F. et al. (2015). Sun protection for children: A review.  Journal of Pediatric Review, 3, (1), e155.

Oliveria, S. A. et al. (2006). Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, (2), 131–138. 

Paller, A. S. et al. (2011). New insights about infant and toddler skin: Implications for sun protection. Pediatrics, 128, (1), 92-102.

Saeedi, M. (2013). An overview of cosmetics and toiletries. Shelfin, Inc. In Nazanin, F. et al. (2015). Sun protection for children: A review.  Journal of Pediatric Review, 3, (1), e155.

Strouse, J. J. et al. (2005). Pediatric melanoma: Risk factor and survival analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 4735–4741. 

Swaddling

CDC.  (2018).  Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.  https://www.cdc.gov/sids/about/index.htm.  Accessed August 2019. 

Gerard, C. M. et al. (2002). Spontaneous arousals in supine infants while swaddled and unswaddled during rapid eye movement and quiet sleep. Pediatrics, 110, 70-6.

Harcke, H. T. et al. (2016). Sonographic assessment of hip swaddling techniques in infants with and without DDH. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 36, (3), 232-238.

Horne, R. (2017). To swaddle or not to swaddle? International Society for the Study and Prevention of Perinatal and Infant Death,  https://www.ispid.org/infantdeath/id-statements/swaddling/. Accessed August 2019.[1] Loder, R. T. and Skopelja, E. N. (2011). The epidemiology and demographics of hip dysplasia. International Scholarly Research Network Orthopedics, 2011, 1-46. 

Lipton, E. L. et al. (1965). Swaddling, a child care practice: Historical, cultural, and experimental observations. Pediatrics, 35, 521-67.

Meyer, L. E. and Erler, T. (2011). Swaddling: A traditional care method rediscovered.  World Journal of Pediatrics, 7, 155-160.

Nelson, A. M.  (2017). Risks and benefits of swaddling healthy infants: An integrative review. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 42, (4), 216 – 225.

Pease, A. S. et al. (2016). Swaddling and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 137, (6).

van Sleuwen, B. E. et al. (2007). Swaddling: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 120, (4), 1097-106.

Swimming

AAP. (2019). Swim lessons: When to start & what parents should know. American Academy of Pediatrics,  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/swim-lessons.aspx.  Accessed August 2019.

---. (2000). Swimming programs for infants and toddlers. Pediatrics, 105, (4), 868-870.

Blanksby, B. et al. (1995). Children's readiness for learning front crawl swimming.  Australian Journal of  Science and Medicine in Sport, 27, 34–37. 

Canadian Paediatric Society. (2003). Swimming lessons for infants and toddlers. Paediatrics & Child Health, 8, (2), 113–9.

Griffith News. (2013). Swim study reveals a smart pool of talent. https://news.griffith.edu.au/2013/08/13/swimming-a-smart-move-for-children/. Accessed August 2019.

Kroop, R. M. and Schwartz, J. F. (1982). Water intoxication from swimming. Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 947–8.

Mahoney, F. J. et al. (1992). An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with swimming in a public pool. Journal of Infectious Disease, 165, 613–8. 

Nguyen, B. and Warda, L. (2003). Swimming lessons for infants and toddlers. Paediatrics & Child Health, 8, (2), 113–119. 

Parker, H. et al. (1997). Starting age and aquatic skill learning in young children: Mastery of prerequisite water confidence and basic aquatic locomotion skills. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 29, 83–87. 

Sigmundsson, H. et al. (2010). Baby swimming: Exploring the effects of early intervention on subsequent motor abilities,” Child: Care Health and Development, 36, (3), 428-430. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool – Iowa. JAMA, 286, 1964–5.

Wright, M. et al. (1992). Hyponatremia in children. BMJ, 305, 51–2.

Teaching Babies to Read

Crespo C. J. et al. (2001). Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 155(3), 360-5.

Courage, M. L. et al. (2016). Infants, toddlers and learning from screen media. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development. http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/technology-early-childhood-education/according-experts/infants-toddlers-and-learning-screen-media.  Accessed August 2019. 

DeLoache, J. S. et al. (2010). Do babies learn from baby media? Psychological Science, 21(11), 1570-1574. 

Kearney, M. S. and Levine, P. B. (2015). Early childhood education by MOOC: Lessons from Sesame Street. NBER Working Papers 21229, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

Linebarger, D. L. and Vaala S. E. (2010). Screen media and language development in infants and toddlers: An ecological perspective. Developmental Review, 30(2), 176-202. 

Masonheimer, P. et al. (1984). Does environmental print identification lead children into word reading? Journal of Reading Behavior, 16, 257–272. 

Nathanson, A. I. et al. (2013). The relation between television exposure and theory of mind among preschoolers. Journal of Communication, 63(6), 1088-1108.

---. (2014). The relation between television exposure and executive function among preschoolers. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1497-506.

Neuman, S. B. et al. (2014). Can babies learn to read? A randomized trial of baby media.  Journal of Educational Psychology, 106 (3), 815-830.  See this article for an exhaustive (and impressive) examination of the research available on the subject.  

Robb, M. (2009). Just a talking book?  Word learning from baby videos. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 27-45.

Stahl, S. and Murray, B. (1993). Environmental print, phonemic awareness, letter recognition, and word recognition. In D. Leu & C. Kinzer (Eds.), Examining central issues in literacy research, theory, and practice (pp. 227–233). Chicago, IL: National Reading Conference.

Teething Necklaces

Abdulsatar, F. et al. (2019). Teething necklaces and bracelets pose significant danger to infants and toddlers, Paediatrics & Child Health, 24, (2), 132–133.

APA. (2018). Amber teething necklaces: A caution for parents. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/Pages/Amber-Teething-Necklaces.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

Cox, C. et al. (2017). Infant strangulation from an amber teething necklace. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19, (5), 400–3.

CPS. (2015). Keep your baby safe. Caring for kids. Canadian Paediatric Society, http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/keep_your_baby_safe. Accessed July 2019.

FDA. (2018). FDA warns about safety risks of teething necklaces, bracelets to relieve teething pain or to provide sensory stimulation. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-about-safety-risks-teething-necklaces-bracelets-relieve-teething-pain-or-provide-sensory. Accessed July 2019.

Scepticon. (2011). Amber teething beads: A few points to consider.  https://scepticon.wordpress.com/2011/02/21/amber-teething-beads-a-few-points-to-consider/. Accessed July 2019.

Snyder, J. (2014). Amber waves of woo. Science-Based Medicine, https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/amber-waves-of-woo/. Accessed July 2019.  

Soudek, L. and McLaughlin, R. (2018). Fad over fatality? The hazards of amber teething necklaces. Paediatric Child Health, 23, (2), 106–110. 

Taillefer, A. et al. (2012). Infants wearing teething necklaces. Archives de Pediatrie, 19, (10), 1058-64.

Teething Numbing Gels

AAPD. (2012). Guideline on infant oral health care. Pediatric Dentistry, 34, (5), e148-52.

Chung, N. Y. et al. (2010). Severe methemoglobinemia linked to gel-type topical benzocaine use: A case report. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38, (5), 601–6.

FDA. (2016). FDA warns against the use of homeopathic teething tablets and gels. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-against-use-homeopathic-teething-tablets-and-gels. Accessed August 2019.

FDA. (2018).  Safely soothing teething pain and sensory needs in babies and older children.  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/safely-soothing-teething-pain-and-sensory-needs-babies-and-older-children. Accessed August 2019.

FDA. (2016). FDA recommends not using lidocaine to treat teething pain and requires new boxed warning. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-recommends-not-using-lidocaine-treat-teething-pain-and-requires.  Accessed August 2019.

Lehr, J. et al. (2012). Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in the pediatric population.  Pediatric Nursing, 27, (5), 583-8.

Poredos, P. et al. (2011). Severe methemoglobinaemia due to benzocaine-containing ‘burn cream’: Two case reports in an adult and in a child. Burns, 37, (7), e63–6.

So, T. Y. and Farrington, E. (2008).Topical benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in the pediatric population. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22, (6), 335-9.

Vohra, R. et al. (2017). Pediatric exposures to topical benzocaine preparations reported to a statewide poison control system. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, (5), 923–927. 

Thumb Sucking

AAP. (2019).  Thumbsucking. American Academy of Pediatrics,https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/aap-press-room-media-center/Pages/Thumbsucking.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

AAPD. (2019). Are thumb sucking and pacifier habits harmful for a child’s teeth? American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, https://www.aapd.org/resources/parent/faq/. Accessed August 2019. 

Barbosa, C. and Fitzpatrick, A. L. (2009). The relationship of bottle feeding and other sucking behaviors with speech disorder in Patagonian preschoolers. BMC Pediatrics, 9, 66.

Borrie, F. R. et al. (2015). Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 16, (3), CD008694.

Fukuta, O. et al. (1996). Damage to the primary dentition resulting from thumb and finger (digit) sucking. Journal of Dentistry for Children, 63, (6), 403-7. 

Krapp, K. and Wilson, J. (Eds.) (2007). “Thumb Sucking.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, 4, 1835-1836.

Ling, H. et al. (2018). The association between nutritive, non-nutritive sucking habits and primary dental occlusion. BMC, 18, (1), 145. 

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Thumb sucking: Help your child break the habit. Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/thumb-sucking/art-20047038. aa2. Accessed August 2019. 

Shetty, R. M. et al. (2015). Three-alarm system: Revisited to treat thumb-sucking habit. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 8, (1), 82-86. 

Thumbsucking. (2019). Ask Dr. Sears, https://www.askdrsears.com/topics/parenting/discipline-behavior/bothersome-behaviors/thumbsucking.Accessed August 2019. 

Tummy Time

AAP. (1992). Task force on infant positioning and SIDS. Pediatrics, 89, 1120–1126.

---. (Last updated Jan 2017). Back to sleep, tummy to play. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/Back-to-Sleep-Tummy-to-Play.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2019). Tummy time. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/aap-press-room-media-center/Pages/Tummy-Time.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

Biggs, W. (2003). Diagnosis and management of positional head deformity. American Family Physician, 67, 1953–1956. 

Coleman, P. (2017). The strange reason tummy time was invented for babies.  https://www.fatherly.com/health-science/tummy-time-reasons/. Accessed August 2019.  See this site for a clear and interesting narrative of the origins of tummy time.

Dewey, C. et al. (1998). Does the supine sleeping position have any adverse effects on the child? Pediatrics, 101, (1), e5.

Graham, J. (2006). Tummy time is important. Clinical Pediatrics, 45, 119–121. Hutchison, B. et al. (2003). Determinants of nonsynostotic plagiocephaly: A case-control study. Pediatrics, 112, 316–322. 

Kadey, H. J. and Roane, H. S. (2012). Effects of access to a stimulating object on infant behavior during tummy time. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45, (2), 395–399. This article offers an excellent overview of the research available on the subject.

Mahoney, D. (2003). Infants' positional skull deformities easily managed: Rise linked to sleeping on backs. Family Practice News, 3, 68.

Monterosso, L. et al. (2002). Neuromotor development and the physiologic effects of positioning in very low birth weight infants.  Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 31, 138–146. 

NIH. (Last updated 2013). Babies need tummy time! National Institutes of Health, https://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/safesleepbasics/tummytime. Accessed August 2019. 

Willinger, M. et al. (1994). Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: Report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Pediatrics, 93, 814–819. 

Vaccinations

AAFP. (2009). Confusion, safety concerns contribute to low seasonal flu vaccine coverage among pregnant women. American Academy of Family Physicians, https://www.aafp.org/news/vaccine/20090804preg-women.html. Accessed August 2019. 

AAP. (2018). Vaccine safety: The facts. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccine-Safety-The-Facts.aspx.  Accessed August 2019. 

American Medical Association, (2009). AMA Encourages Community-Clinical Partnerships to Increase Use of Preventative Health Services among Boomers," www.ama-assn.org, Nov. 19, 2009

CDC. (1996). Update: Vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, andprecautions. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 45, (RR-12), 1-35.

---. (2008). Measles: United States, January-July 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, (33), 893–896.

---. (2012). If you choose not to vaccinate your child, understand the risks and responsibilities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,   https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/not-vacc-risks-color-office.pdf. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2017). Preventing and managing adverse reactions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/adverse-reactions.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2019). Immunization schedules. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fschedules%2Feasy-to-read%2Fchild.html.  Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2019). NIIW (National Infant Immunization Week). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/events/niiw/overview.html. Accessed August 2019. 

Colorado Children’s Immunization Coalition. (2019). Delayed schedule.  http://www.immunizeforgood.com/fact-or-fiction/delayed-schedule. Accessed August 2019. 

CPS. (2019). Immunization and vaccines. Canadian Paediatric Society, https://www.cps.ca/en/issues-questions/immunization. Accessed August 2019. 

Doheny, K. (2014). Expert Q & A: Childhood vaccine safety. www.webmd.com. Accessed August 2019. 

FDA. (2018). Thimerosal in vaccines questions and answers. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/thimerosal-vaccines-questions-and-answers. Accessed August 2019.

Hambidge, S. et al. (2014). Timely versus delayed early childhood vaccination and seizures. Pediatrics, 133, (6), e1492-9 .

Health and Human Services.  Vaccines.gov, https://www.vaccines.gov.  Accessed August 2019. 

Hviid, A. et al. (2019). Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination and autism: A nationwide cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170, 513–520. 

Jain, A. et al. (2015). Autism occurrence by MMR vaccine status among US children with older siblings with and without autism. JAMA, 313, (15), 1534-40.

Madsen, K. M. et al. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, (19), 1477-82. 

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2013). Childhood vaccines: Tough questions, straight answers. Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/vaccines/art-20048334. Accessed August 2019. 

National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Top reasons to get vaccinated. http://www.nfid.org/about-vaccines/reasons.  Accessed August 2019. 

Offit, P. A. and Moser, C. A. (2009). The problem with Dr. Bob's alternative vaccine schedule. Pediatrics, 123, (1), e164-9.

Oster, E. (2019). Cribsheet. (New York.  Penguin Press). See Oster’s section on immunization-related risks for a clear and accessible explanation of the potential dangers. 

Sears, R. W. (2007). The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child. (New York: Little, Brown).

Stratton, K. et al., (Eds.) (2011). Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality. (Washington, DC: National Academies Press).

UNICEF. (2012). (2012).  Request for Proposal.  https://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/RFP-DAN-2012-501580.pdf.  Accessed August 2019. 

United Nations Foundation. (2019). Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Shot@Life, https://shotatlife.org/a-global-challenge/vaccine-preventable-diseases/. Accessed August 2019. 

White, S. J. et al. (2012). Measles, mumps, and rubella. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 55, (2), 550–559. 

WHO. (2012). If you choose not to vaccinate your child, understand the risks and responsibilities. World Health Organization,  http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/160753/If-you-choose_EN_WHO_WEB.pdf?ua=1.Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2015). What are some of the myths – and facts – about vaccination? World Health Organization, http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/339620/Myths-and-facts.pdf?ua=1. Accessed August 2019.

---. (2018). Immunizations, vaccines and biologicals. World Health Organization,   https://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/. Accessed August 2019. 

Vaping and Breastfeeding

AAP. (2019).  Breastfeeding. American Academy of Pediatrics, https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Breastfeeding/Pages/Benefits-of-Breastfeeding.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

Batstra, L. et al. (2003). Can breast feeding modify the adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy on the child’s cognitive development? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57, 403-404.

Caldwell, A. L. (2019). E-cigarette use during pregnancy and breastfeeding FAQs. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/Pages/E-Cigarette-Use-During-Pregnancy-Breastfeeding.aspx. Accessed August 2019. 

CDC. (2017). Reproductive health and the workplace. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/repro/tobacco.html. Accessed August 2019. 

---. (2018). Breastfeeding: Tobacco and e-cigarettes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/tobacco-and-e-cigarettes.html. Accessed August 2019. 

Chivers, E. et al. (2019). Nicotine and other potentially harmful compounds in "nicotine-free" e-cigarette liquids in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 210, (3), 127-128.

Czogala, J. et al. (2014). Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16, (6), 655–62. 

DiFranza, J. R. et al. (2004). Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children’s health. Pediatrics, 113, 1007–1015.

Ferguson, B. B. et al. (1976). Determination of nicotine concentrations in human milk. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 130, 837–839.

Flouris, A. D. et al. (2013). Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhalation Toxicology, 25, (2), 91–101. 

Grana, R. et al. (2013). Background paper on e-cigarettes (Electronic nicotine delivery systems). Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco,https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13p2b72n. Accessed August 2019.

Hayes, J. T. (2017).  What is thirdhand smoke, and why is it a concern? Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791. Accessed August 2019. 

Hopkinson, J. M. et al. (1992). Milk production by mothers of premature infants: Influence of cigarette smoking. Pediatrics, 90, 934–938.

Matt, G. E. et al. (2011). Thirdhand tobacco smoke: Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, (9),1218–26. 

Mennella, J. A. and Beauchamp, G. K. (1998). Smoking and the flavor of breast milk. New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 1559–1560.

--- et al. (2007). Breastfeeding and smoking: Short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics, 120, (3), 497-502.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2016). 2016 Surgeon General’s Report: E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/index.htm. Accessed August 2019. 

Moore, B. F. et al. (2017). Exposure to secondhand smoke, exclusive breastfeeding and infant adiposity at age 5 months in the Healthy Start study. Pediatric Obesity, 12, (Suppl 1), 111-119.

Primo, C. C. et al. (2013). Effects of maternal nicotine on breastfeeding infants. Revista  Paulista Pediatria, 31, (3), 392–397. 

Walkers

AAP. (2001). Injuries associated with infant walkers. Pediatrics, 108, (3), 790–2.

Badihian, S. et al.  (2017). The effect of baby walker on child development: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 11, (4), 1–6. 

Fazen, L. E. and Felizberto, P. I. (1992). Baby walker injuries. Pediatrics, 70, (1), 106-9.

Kendrick, D. and Marsh, P. (1998). Babywalkers: Prevalence of use and relationship with other safety practices. Injury Prevention, 4, (4), 295–8.

Ramdzan, S. et al. (2014). Unintentional injury and its prevention in infant: Knowledge and self-reported practices of main caregivers. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 132.

Sims, A. et al. (2018). Infant walker-related injuries in the United States. Pediatrics, 142, (4), https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/4/e20174332. Accessed August 2019.

Siegel, A. C. and Burton, R. V. (1999). Effects of baby walkers on motor and mental development in human infants. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, (5), 355–61.

Thein, M. M. et al. (1997). Infant walker use, injuries, and motor development. Injury  Prevention, 3, (1), 63-6.

Bottom Line for Baby

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